History of state and law of foreign countries. Unification of Germany and formation of Austria-Hungary (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of state and law of foreign countries. Unification of Germany and formation of Austria-Hungary (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

Unification of Germany and formation of Austria-Hungary

Universal conscription (introduced in Prussia at the very beginning XNUMXth century.) and huge spending on the army did Prussia the only serious competitor Austria in the German Union.

Conflict between Austria и Prussia decided in the war 1866 BCstarted because of the duchy Holstein. At the Battle of Sadovaya (1866) the Austrian army was defeated. Since that time, the hopes of the German bourgeoisie for the reunification of the country into a single state began to be associated with Prussia and her government.

An association Germany was a necessary condition for its bourgeois development. This unification could take place in two ways. The events of 1848 showed an example of the first path. The revolutionary path of unification was to lead to the emergence of a Great German Republic. But he failed. Development took the second path. Having become the most powerful of the German states, Prussia took up the unification in its own way, counter-revolutionary, striving to erect the building of the empire on the foundation of the Prussian political system.

Defeat Austria brought the German Confederation to the grave, instead of it Prussia created the North German Confederation of states that accepted its supremacy. AT 1867 BC The Union received a constitutional device. It was controlled by a "president" in the person of the Prussian king, a chancellor and two chambers, of which the lower one, the Reichstag, was elected by universal suffrage. Some other German states, like Hanover и Nassau, were simply attached to Prussia.

The South German states remained outside the Union. On the way to their forcible unification within the framework of a single empire stood France: the emergence of a large and strong state at its very borders was for France unacceptable.

Having defeated France, Prussia deprived the South German states of freedom of choice. Willy-nilly, they had to declare their consent to join the united German Empire. AT 1871 BC The German Empire received a constitution.

thrown out of Germany, weakened politically and militarily, Austria remained nevertheless the largest European state.

Revolution 1848 BC captured and Austria. It was marked by multi-day battles in Vienna, uprising in Prague, liberation movement in Hungary. The revolution is bold. Metternich and brought the Constituent Assembly to power.

Meanwhile, economic and military weaknesses were becoming more and more apparent. Austria, explained by its political and social system.

Engels calls Austria weak, impoverished, exhausted country. AT 1850 BC she was defeated in the war with the Italian unification movement and lost Lombardy. AT 1866 BC she was beaten Prussia.

Trying to hold on to a crumbling empire, the government Austria granted some minor rights to manage local affairs Czech Republic and other national regions. In the capital of the empire, a "parliament" began to function - the Reichsrat, consisting of two chambers: the chamber of gentlemen and the chamber of deputies. The first became the center of princes, the highest nobility and the clergy, the second - financiers, manufacturers, officials.

Trying to "snuggle" Hungaryin order to find in her person a reliable ally for the oppression of other peoples of the empire, Austria provided her with 1867 BC internal autonomy. Hungary received the right to its own legislative bodies, to its own government. General affairs Austria и Hungary were to be decided with the help of delegations from their representative bodies, convened annually.

The Emperor Austria was declared simultaneously with that king of Hungary and thus united in his person both parts of the "dual empire". It became its official name Austria-Hungary.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

<< Back: The Prussian Constitution of 1850

>> Forward: Constitution of 1871 and "Exceptional Law" against socialists

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ normal physiology. Lecture notes

▪ Regional studies. Crib

▪ Finance. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Plant lanterns 21.10.2021

Researchers from the USA decided to replace artificial light sources with natural ones. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, scientists have bred light-emitting plants, which in the future will become an alternative to street lamps, but can already replace table lamps at home or in the office.

For the first time, researchers were able to make plants emit light in 2017, for this they introduced luminescent nanoparticles, similar to firefly enzymes, into the leaves. Engineers continue to improve the invented technology. In the first experiments, the light from the plants was very dim, but now it has become ten times brighter - it is enough to illuminate a small room.

Natural lamps can work for several minutes and recharge from the LED in just ten seconds.

The new technology is harmless to natural bioprocesses like photosynthesis, and they hope to introduce it to other plants. For example, the large leaves of the giant taro (Colocasia gigantea), according to experts, can serve as good outdoor lighting.

Other interesting news:

▪ Eternal paint based on plasmonic pixels

▪ China's high-tech development

▪ Changing red blood cells to activate the immune system against covid

▪ NVidia Tegra for self-driving cars

▪ Prototype smart glasses with autofocus

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ website section LEDs. Article selection

▪ article Ovidian transformations. Popular expression

▪ article What sign of Cheburashka increased greatly in the process of working on the cartoon? Detailed answer

▪ article Stacker crane operator. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Mixed (combined) shoe polishes. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Economical switching voltage regulator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews