History of state and law of foreign countries. State in Ancient Egypt (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. State in Ancient Egypt (most important)

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State in ancient Egypt

The emergence of the state. On the edge IV-III millennium BC uh. takes shape in Ancient Egypt 40 nomes - regions (the first units of territorial division). The ancient foundation of the nome was tribe. At the head of each nome was the "king", he is also the high priest of the local cult and the owner of the title of "channel manager". The unification of the forty regions does not take place immediately. First, two separate kingdoms arise - Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. During the period of the so-called Early Kingdom, they are forcibly united by Pharaoh Menes.

The subsequent history of Ancient Egypt falls into three main periods, each of which spans many hundreds of years:

1) Old Kingdom (XXVIII-XXIII centuries BC uh.)

2) Middle Kingdom (end of the 3rd millennium - 17th century BC uh.)

3) New Kingdom (XVI-XII centuries BC uh.).

Considering the statehood of Egypt, we note that the most typical ancient Eastern despotism existed in Ancient Egypt. In ancient Egypt, the power of the pharaoh was unlimited, he himself was considered a person of divine origin, the son of the Sun. His name was not to be spoken aloud. Pharaoh means "high house". In official address it should be called in the third person. The decisions of the pharaoh on matters of administration, finance, command of the army, court had the highest power. He appointed his own successor. For him, colossal tombs were built - pyramids, the construction of which was carried out for decades and absorbed huge material and human resources. Only a few were honored with the high honor of kissing the Pharaoh's shoes. Lower-ranking officials approached his person on their stomachs, crawling. In the face of the despot, even noble people were in the position of slaves; at any moment, at his arbitrariness, they could lose their lives and property. Everything that they acquired was considered the result of the mercy of the pharaoh. The cult of the personality of the pharaoh was supported by the nobility, priests, and officials. Under the pharaoh, the chief nobleman and steward was the vizier (jati). In the Old Kingdom, this was the mayor. Later, his powers were expanded. He led the bureaucracy, was in charge of organizing public works. In some ancient Egyptian monuments, the vizier was called "the head of the entire state of the North and South," since he was in charge of administration, court, and was the interpreter of the pharaoh's commands. His power was immeasurable. With the participation of the jati, serious crimes of high officials were dealt with.

Continuing to consider the state apparatus of Egypt, we note that local administration was headed by royal officials (nomarchs). They had both administrative and judicial power in their hands. In cases where centralization weakened, the nomarchs turned into independent rulers and only nominally recognized the power of the pharaoh. They had their own army, their own police.

Even in the era of the Old Kingdom, the army had independent control. The manufacture of weapons, the construction of ships and fortresses were in charge of the "house of weapons". Warriors lived in separate settlements. For their service to the pharaoh, nomarch, a large temple, they received an allotment, which was processed by slaves. In a special position was the guard, or guard, of the pharaoh. During the suppression of uprisings, the army acted jointly with the police. The police officers were usually recruited from captured Nubian Negroes. They were overseers during public works, pursued criminals, performed the duties of executioners. In the era of the Old Kingdom, the police had not yet emerged as a separate department. On the ground, she obeyed a judge or a special official, in the capital - a vizier.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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