History of state and law of foreign countries. Political system in Byzantium (the most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Political system in Byzantium (the most important)

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State system in Byzantium

As well as the development of feudal relations in Byzantium, the political system of the Byzantine Empire also has its own peculiarities in this case. Its main feature is maintaining a strong imperial power и the existence of a stable centralized leadership of the empire. The succession of the throne by inheritance (the principle of legitimacy) in Byzantium from the beginning of the XNUMXth century. becomes the main way to change the ruler, which replaces the existing way - election of the throne. In this case, as a rule, the heir to the throne was appointed co-ruler during the life of the emperor and was given the title of “Caesar”. Imperial power in Byzantium was revered. She leaned on a huge, strictly centralized control apparatuswhich is headed by:

1) on the one hand, the Senate (it has the traditional (often nominal) right to be elected to the throne, manage foreign policy, etc.);

2) on the other hand, by the State Council (discussed bills, affairs related to the management of the empire, etc., which were related to it, etc. His decisions needed the approval of the emperor).

Considering the state apparatus of the Byzantine Empire, we note that that the ministries belonged to the highest departments of the empire:

1) internal affairs (police);

2) foreign affairs;

3) military;

4) financial, etc.

The replacement of higher positions was the privilege of the senatorial nobility - the upper class of the empire. It was subdivided into 18 categories. Each one held strictly defined positions. The transition to a higher rank gave the right to a higher post. Note that from the XNUMXth c. local government of the Byzantine Empire is characterized by a combination of military and civil power in the hands of governor generals ("strategists"). The government wanted to see them strong and at the same time was afraid of the dangers associated with this, so a policy was pursued aimed at fragmenting the provinces and reducing their territory. The military forces of the empire consisted of soldiers for whom service was a hereditary profession. For their service they were given land plots.

Taxation was highly developed in Byzantium:

1) land tax, which the taxpayer delivered with his own funds, in the form of grain, etc.;

2) poll tax;

3) file from dwellings;

4) tax on wigs;

5) forced stays of soldiers and officials in the homes of the townsfolk;

6) forced sale of livestock and grain at reduced prices;

7) food supplies in the fortress;

8) forced participation in the construction of bridges, roads, etc.

As in other countries of Europe, in Byzantium, during the period of absolute monarchy, there was a comprehensive arbitrariness that led to blood flows - it was shed in accordance with one or another policy of the empire:

1) under the emperor Foke (602-610) many innocent people were executed;

2) emperor Andronicus (XIII century) belonged to the idea of a simultaneous mass beating of all prisoners and all their relatives. The application of this measure was explained by the state interest and the command of God.

Summing up, let's say that the preservation of a strong imperial power throughout the entire feudal history of Byzantium is explained by the following reasons:

1) the presence of many large urban centers;

2) the need for economic ties between regions and provinces;

3) the special acuteness of the class struggle, which is dictated by the unification of the interests of the peasant masses of the provinces and the numerous urban plebs, which led to an alliance between them;

4) constant foreign policy danger, supplemented by the need for effective suppression of the peoples subject to the empire.

The church in Byzantium supports a strong central government.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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