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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of state and law of foreign countries. Social structure of the Arab Caliphate (most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) The social structure of the Arab Caliphate The social system of the Arab Caliphate is characterized by the fact that at the beginning of the 7th century. The Arab system of military democracy that had existed for a long time fell into decay and began to become obsolete. There was a struggle for free lands. The nobility saw a way out of the difficult situation in a new organization of society, in aggressive campaigns, in the acquisition by armed force of new pastures, fertile lands, livestock, and slaves. However, the task of unifying the tribes of Arabia turned out to be impossible due to their complete independence. Result: 1) tribal wars began to break out; 2) trade has declined; 3) the transit of goods has been reduced. A new religious doctrine emerged. A merchant from Mecca, Mohammed, posing as a messenger of Allah, began to vigorously preach a new religion, which later received the name of Islam, which means humility. A number of requirements were set. So, for example, a Muslim was obliged to recognize Allah as the only god, and Muhammad as his prophet. In his early sermons, Muhammad condemned usury, slavery, called for helping orphans and widows. Of particular importance in those conditions was his idea of the brotherhood of all Arabs professing Islam, regardless of their belonging to tribes and clans. Thus, the former tribal division was undermined, with which almost any state formation began. As a result, the weakness of neighboring states, the relative tolerance of the conquerors made it easier for the Arabs to seize vast territories. At the end of the 7th - beginning of the 8th century. All Arabs recognized Islam, which accelerated their unification. At the same time, their campaigns of conquest began. During the 7th-9th centuries. Arabs captured Iran, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, Armenia, and penetrated into Georgia. Under their blows, the decrepit Sassanid empire collapsed, and such a previously powerful power as Byzantium was forced to retreat. It should be noted such a specific feature of the social system of the Arab Caliphate as bringing it closer to the ancient Eastern despotism. The land was considered the property of the state. It was divided into several categories and had its own legal regulation: 1) sacred (the place where the prophet lived); 2) waqf (allocated to schools, almshouses, religious Muslim institutions). The waqf land was in the use of the Muslim clergy (mosques, schools, hospitals, almshouses). No taxes were collected from this land. Many owners of iqts, in order not to serve and not pay taxes, concluded deals on donating their lands to the clergy, while retaining the right to receive income; 3) ikta (given for service). It is in many ways reminiscent of benefices. The only difference is that for its use it was charged to submit to the treasury. The owner of the iqta could dispose of the land, up to the sale. Confiscation of iqt was allowed only for a particularly dangerous crime; 4) mulch (privately owned); 5) communal ancestral lands. The top of the ruling class were slave owners and feudal lords: 1) caliph; 2) numerous relatives of the caliph; 3) officials; 4) local nobility; 5) chiefs of troops; 6) the clergy; 7) large landowners. Oppressed classes: 1) slaves; 2) peasants; 3) small artisans; 4) ruined Bedouins. The legal status of a person also depended on belonging to the Muslim religion. Those who converted to Islam, as a rule, were exempted from paying the poll tax. He paid lower duties on goods and had a number of other benefits. The legal capacity of the Muslims was wider than the legal capacity of the Gentiles. The latter were limited to: 1) in choosing a place of residence; 2) in choosing a profession; 3) on the move. Gentiles were allowed to ride only on donkeys. Author: Selyanin A.V. << Back: Islamic law >> Forward: The state system of the Arab Caliphate
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