History of state and law of foreign countries. Athens (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Athens (most important)

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Athens

Considering Athenian statehood, it should be noted that the highest authority was considered to be the people's assembly of full-fledged Athenian male citizens at least 20 years of age. The meeting was convened 2-3 times a month. It elected officials and passed or rejected laws. The role of the people's assembly was very significant. Formally, any issue of war and peace, foreign policy, finance, justice could be discussed. Voting was secret, except for elections to military positions. Every citizen could speak and express his opinion on all issues and introduce a bill. The law came into force only after consideration by the Council of Five Hundred and a jury trial. It was hung for everyone to see. Also, every Athenian citizen could seek, through the people's assembly, the repeal of any law, especially if this law violated the principles of democracy.

An important organ was Council of Five Hundred. Its members were elected by lot by the people's assembly. The functions of the Council were very extensive. It acted as a municipality to manage all services of Athens. He was in charge of the treasury, the state seal, and control over officials.

Handled important court cases jury trial - helium. It had 6 thousand members. Every citizen could become a judge upon reaching 30 years of age. Helieia, by election, appointed one tenth of its members to consider the next case. The trial was open and transparent. Helieia, as the most democratic body, was used to fight the aristocracy. Many opponents of the Athenian system, including members of the Areopagus, were convicted of abuse of power, embezzlement, and bribery. Trials were a means of political struggle. Their public character had the consequence of discrediting the former nobility.

An important body of executive power was board of ten strategists. Its members were elected by the people's assembly by open voting, not by lot. Re-election for another term was allowed. This rule primarily applied to military leaders. A person applying for the position of strategist had to have a certain property qualification. This body was in charge of the treasury and foreign relations. The strategists prepared drafts of the most important laws for the national assembly, but they did not give reports to the assembly. They were answerable to him only for malfeasance. The main place belonged first strategist... From the middle V in. The role of this board in the system of state institutions has increased sharply. The rise of the college of strategists meant a decrease in the role of the Areopagus.

Areopagus became a trial for premeditated murder, grievous bodily harm and arson. Members of the court sat at night and wore blindfolds during the trial. Of the nine members of the College of Archons, the first three had priority: archon eponym, basileus, polemarch.

First Archon considered complaints from Athenian citizens and forwarded them for consideration on the merits.

Basile was in charge of cults and brought to justice for sacrilege, monitored the morality of the priests. On his instructions, the criminal was declared an outlaw.

Polemarchus monitored the sacrifices and organized memorials in honor of the fallen soldiers. Under his leadership there were cases in which the subjects of the crimes were meteki, aliens.

Thesmothetes determined the order of consideration of cases in court. The cases of robbers, slave stealers, and robbers were considered by a panel of eleven. She was elected by the Council. Its functions included: supervision of prisons, execution of sentences. It was here that slaves were tortured if they were witnesses in the case.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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