History of state and law of foreign countries. Poland. The emergence of the state (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Poland. The emergence of the state (most important)

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Poland. Emergence of the state

The beginning of Polish statehood dates back to IX century. This period of history is marked by the reign of Prince Meshko I. At this stage, the process of feudalization of Polish society was completed, a princely domain and large land ownership emerged. At Meshko I Poland accepts Christianity. A new element is pouring into the composition of the ruling class - the clergy. There are monasteries. Mieszko and his successors relied on a military squad, which numbered three thousand selected soldiers. Relations between the prince and the squad are built on the basis of vassalage. It should be noted that the power of the prince at that time was significant. However, a reservation should be made to its limitation to the council of the nobility and feudal congresses.

The heyday of feudal relations, as in other states of Europe, was marked by a period of feudal fragmentation. AT 1138 BC king Boleslav Krivousty bequeathed the country to his four sons. Each of them received a share. The capital inheritance was considered the main one. He was succeeded by the eldest son. He was supposed to be the political head as well. After the death of the prince, the inheritance passed to the next brother in seniority. The king in the capital, the prince in the inheritance become dependent on the elevated Polish nobility. Real power is concentrated in the hands of various kinds of feudal congresses: appanage, inter-agency, etc.

It should be noted that unlike the French or English kings, the Polish king was deprived of the support of cities. The reasons for this lie in the special circumstances associated with German colonization. Yes, with end of the 12th century. large landowners began to attract German peasants and townspeople to resettle in Poland. They enjoyed various benefits (exemption from all payments for the first time, firm chinsh in the future, internal autonomy, their own court, etc.). These advantages, recorded by royal and princely charters, promoted the German colonists to a special class, the richest and most influential. The urban poor, on the contrary, were Poles. The German colonists who dominated Polish cities were not interested in unifying the state and strengthening it. By the end of the 13th century. The peasantry fell into enslaving dependence on the landowners.

The ruling class consisted of three layers:

1) church feudal lords;

2) magnates, nobility (possible owners);

3) chivalry (gentry).

Church feudal lords had stronger ties with the papal throne than with the Polish king. The intervention of bishops in feudal feuds was common. The centers of trade and crafts were in fact in the complete power of the magnates, who tried to get income from the townspeople as quickly and as much as possible. The feudal lords systematically violated the so-called. "Magdeburg law", according to which cities had some autonomy in internal management, taxation and resolving litigation. This undermined the basis for the development of the burghers, the force on which the king could rely in strengthening his power. Next, in XV-XVI centuries. The country's economic decline is evident. The reason is the exploitation of peasants in its most brutal form.

At the beginning of the 16th century. the peasants were completely enslaved, and the size of the corvee increased. The magnates had their own administration and their own patrimonial court in their domains. The position of the state was negatively affected by the incompleteness of the centralization process. The bourgeoisie developed extremely slowly; this was hampered by the omnipotence of the nobility, which imposed exorbitant taxes on the cities.

A feature of the Polish state of that era should be considered the protracted process of feudal fragmentation and, as a result, the weakness of royal power.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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