History of state and law of foreign countries. Formation of the Romanian State (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Formation of the Romanian State (most important)

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Formation of the Romanian state

Wallachia и Moldavia. In XNUMXth century. two principalities arose to the east and south of the Carpathians - Moldavia и Wallachia. Both of them, despite resistance, had to accept the supreme power of Turkey - first Wallachia, then Moldavia (XV-XVI centuries). The rulers of the principalities (gospodars) were elected by the boyars, who constituted the ruling feudal class, but the actual appointment came from Turkey. Both principalities paid Turkey annual tribute, supplied agricultural products, were subject to mandatory mobilization of labor for the construction of Turkish fortresses, etc.

Exemption Wallachia и Of Moldova from Turkish oppression associated with the Russian-Turkish wars XVIII-XIX centuries. Agreement between Russia и Portoy (Turkey) 1774 created some new conditions for the existence of the principalities, facilitating their self-government, protection of interests, regulating the collection of tribute. FROM 1829 BC under the Andrianopol peace treaty Wallachia и Moldavia received autonomy, but Turkey retained the right to receive tribute.

The beginning of the union Wallachia and Moldavia into a single Romania was put in 1848 BC February events 1848 BC in France found a wide response in the capitals of both principalities - Yassakh (Moldova) и Bucharest (Wallachia). Here and there, the liberal part of the boyars and the bourgeoisie demanded a democratic constitution with a responsible ministry, freedom of the press, etc.

Joint intervention of Russia и Turkey stopped this movement. In the end, the principalities are occupied Austria. European states took upon themselves the decision on their future fate.

Resolution of the Paris Conference 1858 Moldavia и Wallachia were united under the name of "United Provinces" into a single state, so that each of these provinces had its own government. The general affairs of the principalities were entrusted to a special commission consisting of 16 members. The decision was a compromise. France, in order to attract the Romanians, offered a "single state."

Austria и Turkey, wanting to retain the right to intervene in the inevitable clashes of the “provinces,” insisted on their separate, separate existence.

Russia was a supporter of the unification of principalities. Having received freedom of action, the principalities almost immediately found a way to unite. The assemblies of the principalities elected the same ruler, the boyar, as their head. Kuzu, who took the princely title under the name Alexander I.

Manifesto published in 1859 Cuza announced the formation of the Romanian state. The assemblies of the principalities merged into a single chamber. Bucharest became the capital of the new state.

Turkish sovereignty and tribute in favor Turkey nevertheless preserved. The final liberation came only as a result of the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

The laws of the new government abolished serfdom, founded universities, reformed the electoral law, but the land issue remained unresolved.

Agrarian reform that followed the coup (1864), transferred to 400 thousand peasants land plots that they had previously rented for life (with redemption within 15 years).

В 1866 BC Romania received a new, "liberal" constitution that legitimized a constitutional monarchy, tailored to the Prussian model. The prince was declared head of state 1881 BC - king), two chambers were created, a curial election system was introduced (with “universal” voting).

The upper house - the senate - was chosen by one of the large landowners, the lower house was dominated by two curiae (out of four), whose members were the largest taxpayers.

В 1884 BC electoral reform in Romania. Instead of four curiae, three were created.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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