History of state and law of foreign countries. Bulgaria (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Bulgaria (most important)

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Bulgaria

The formation of the Bulgarian statehood originates from VI century., when Slavic tribes began to colonize the Balkans. Next, in XNUMXth century., they form in Moesia (present-day Bulgaria) an alliance known as "Seven Slavic Tribes". In the 70s. the same century, the area occupied by the union of the Seven Slavic tribes was invaded by the Proto-Bulgarian nomadic horde, headed by the Khan Asparuh. They were at the stage of military democracy, that is, they were experiencing a period of decomposition of tribal relations. Under the influence of the military danger emanating from both Byzantium and the Avars, the Slavic nobility, leading the alliance of the Seven Slavic Tribes, had to enlist the support of the nomadic tribes of the Proto-Bulgarians. The resulting alliance became a reliable defense against the aggressive Byzantium. In terms of the level of economic and cultural development, the Slavs stood higher than the Bulgars, they outnumbered them, and therefore not the Slavs, but the Bulgars dissolved in the foreign people, assimilated with them, although they transferred their generic name to the country and its people. Therefore, VII century. marked by the emergence of the First Bulgarian Kingdom.

In IX-X centuries. Bulgaria is dominated by the feudal system. At this time, there are two main classes:

1) dominant - Bulgarian-Slavic tribal elders, some of the princely warriors and the clergy;

2) exploited - basically dependent peasantry. It consisted of three groups - bashtinnikovwho retained their paternal allotment, personal freedom and some opportunities for disposing of property; wigs - serfs, obliged by corvee and other duties in favor of the landlords and taxes in favor of the state; youths - slaves planted on the ground or who were at the court of the master.

In Bulgaria, state power was represented by the prince and his administration in the center and in the regions - voivodships and zhupas.

The Bulgarian king holds in his hands:

1) legislation;

2) the supreme court;

3) command.

Early XI century. Bulgaria was conquered by Byzantium and was under its rule for about 150 years.

At the end of the 12th century. Bulgaria regains its independence. It occupies a significant territory, expanded due to successful conquests.

Considering Bulgarian law, it should be noted that its first codification was called "The Law of Judgment to People", compiled at the turn of the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries. The law that is judgmental to people does not contain detailed regulation of the issues of criminal law. It should be noted that those guilty of stealing property, arson, stealing free people to turn them into slavery are punished quite severely. The concept of recidivism in theft is introduced. For him, exile (for the second time) and even sale into slavery (for the third time) is due.

The death penalty is provided for murder, especially for qualified murder (parricide, fratricide, etc.), but it distinguished a deliberate action from an unintentional one, assigning a lesser punishment for the latter. The Bulgarian court, apparently, had the opportunity to be guided by these norms, however, from other documents, in particular letters, we learn that under certain circumstances a fine was paid for the murder. When the killer was not identified, the village paid.

Civil law relations are regulated to a small extent. An innovation in the field of family relations is the establishment of a ban on polygamy. An order is established to expel a second wife (together with her children) from the house, marriage with a close relative is not allowed, arbitrariness is limited, punishments for apostasy are imposed.

Property relations are characterized by significant development. Bulgarian law is known for the hiring of things and labor, loans and pledges, guardianship and guardianship, inheritance by law and by will, etc.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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