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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of state and law of foreign countries. The political system of the Arab Caliphate (the most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) The state system of the Arab Caliphate Describing the Arab caliphate, it should be noted that it arose as an early feudal state in the XNUMXth century. The caliph was the head of state. 1) who at first was elected by the Muslim community, then he himself began to name his successor; 2) only one who came from the family of Muhammad and did not have obvious physical defects could become a caliph; 3) his election depended on the support of the influential nobility and the top of the army; 4) the highest spiritual and secular power was concentrated in his hands; 5) he was the supreme imam and chief emir; 6) the caliph was considered the supreme owner of the lands and unlimited, autocratic ruler; 7) he was the commander-in-chief of the army, often led it during campaigns, appointed and dismissed military leaders. Even the most independent emirs had to reckon with the authority of the caliph in matters of religion and faith. He could impose an interdict, i.e., prohibit worship and other religious activities. The Caliph was to Muslim believers what the Pope was to Catholics. At the same time, he had a very significant military, legislative and administrative power. Even the Seljuk Turks reckoned with his title as high priest. As confirmation of the title of caliph, the feudal lord who seized the territory needed his sanction to own it. Правление Umayyads In the middle XNUMXth century. was undermined by the discontent of the masses and the strengthening of the power of the Iranian feudal lords. The founder of the Abbasid dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad. Under the Abbasids, the position of vizier appeared: 1) was considered the first adviser to the caliph, the keeper of his seal; 2) led departments (sofas): finance, troops, organization of irrigation works; 3) was in charge of the Caliph's property, accounting of lands, mail; 4) monitored the serviceability of strategic roads. Judicial branch was fairly centralized and separated from the administration. The judge was called "kadi", who formally obeyed only the caliph. Most often it was a wealthy person who performed his duties free of charge. As a rule, the verdict of the judge was considered final, it could be canceled only by himself or the caliph. The qadi had a number of other duties: 1) controlled how wills are executed; 2) supervised the division of property; 3) established guardianship; 4) supervised the condition of public buildings, roads and prisons; 5) married single women who did not have guardians. Certain functions were performed by the postal department - the so-called. "varid". In addition to forwarding government messages, his local officials collected and sent Baghdad detailed information about the state of agriculture, about the harvest, about the state of finances, about the mood of local residents and the activities of the administration, etc. Thus, postal employees simultaneously performed the functions of state informants on the ground. Great attention was paid to the army as the backbone of the entire state, the guarantee of its prosperity and expansion: it was given 4/6 of the military booty. Warlords derived huge profits from the sale of slaves and the robbery of the captured population. There were many mercenaries in the army. Military leaders used land plots (ikts) for their service. The fate of the last representatives of the dynasty Abbasids became completely dependent on the mood of the feudal groups and especially on their personal guard, recruited from young Turkic slaves. In fifty years, the chiefs of the guard overthrew nine caliphs, and all of them were stabbed, strangled or poisoned. In the last period, the Caliph of Baghdad had only the authority of the high priest. AT 1258 BC by order of the leader of the Mongols, the last caliph was strangled. Author: Selyanin A.V. << Back: The social structure of the Arab Caliphate >> Forward: Bourgeois revolution in England
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