History of state and law of foreign countries. Declaration of Independence 1776 Confederation 1781 (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Declaration of Independence 1776 Confederation 1781 (most important)

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Declaration of Independence 1776 Confederation 1781

July 4, 1776 was accepted U.S. Declaration of Independence. This day is considered a national holiday - Independence Day. Her project was commissioned to prepare a commission of five members of Congress, headed by Thomas Jefferson, thirty-year-old planter, from Virginia. The Declaration in an accessible form expressed the interests of the American people related to freedom and democracy. The Declaration substantiates the reasons for the complete severance of political and state ties with England. This document contains the formula for unlimited democracy - the idea of a state that does not recognize tyranny. The Declaration's provision that every American has the right "to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" applied to everyone without exception. The Declaration is the first constitutional charter in the history of mankind, which contains the ideas of popular sovereignty, the right of the people to revolution and the overthrow of an unwanted government. Compiled during the period of the rise of the revolutionary liberation struggle, it does not contain any mention of private property as an eternal and inalienable right, which would later be written down in all the constitutions of bourgeois countries. The Declaration does not reveal the class nature of the state, does not condemn racism, and is silent about women's rights.

An important constitutional act issued during the War of Independence are the Articles of Confederation, which came into force. March 1, 1781 In essence, this is an agreement on alliance and cooperation between thirteen independent states. In it, the former colonies are called states, each of which retained its sovereignty. The Articles of Confederation reinforced the desire of the former colonies to gain independence by united efforts. They reflected the principles of the American Confederation. The states were extremely vigilant about maintaining their independence. Even under the conditions of a difficult war of liberation, they chose not to go further than recognizing a loose confederal union. The entry into force of the articles of confederation coincided with a turning point in the war with Englandwhen Washington's troops inflicted a series of major defeats on the British. And, as noted above, in September 1783 BC after negotiations in Versailles British government was forced to recognize independence North American United States.

The war did not abolish slavery, it took another revolution. However, the solution of the agrarian problem had a democratic character. Western lands were turned into a nationalized public fund and put on free sale.

All this was a necessary prerequisite for the farming path of development of capitalism in agriculture, and was also important for industrial capitalism. The victory was won thanks to the popular character of the liberation war.

The main force of Washington's army were patriots:

1) farmers;

2) workers;

3) petty and middle bourgeoisie;

4) also note the fact that blacks participated in the battles.

However, among the wealthy representatives of the American people there were many who considered it possible to negotiate with the king. After the end of the war, the class struggle in the country sharply escalated. AT September 1786 led by a war hero, a poor farmer Daniel Shays, the first major armed uprising of American workers took place. They demanded the free distribution of land, the annulment of public and private debts. In fear of disgruntled soldiers, members of Congress had to hastily leave Philadelphia, the seat of Congress. The rebels destroyed the IOUs of the poor in the courts, released debtors from prisons, demanded a complete redistribution of land, a radical reorganization of the courts and administrative bodies.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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Computer memory helps human 22.12.2014

To better remember something new, try offloading your memory by feeding old information from your brain to the computer.

By storing information on a computer hard drive or on a "flash drive", we better remember the next piece of information - this is the conclusion reached in their work by Benjamin C. Storm and Sean M. Stone from the University of California at Santa Cruz (USA).

Twenty students participated in the experiments of psychologists, who had to study two PDF files in order to remember as much as possible of what was written in them. Each file had a list of nouns, and the first list was closed immediately after reading. At the same time, some were told to simply close it, while others were told to save it to a certain place on the computer. The second file was read for the same amount of time as the first, but after the experiment participants had to immediately say how many words from it they remembered. And only then they were checked about the first list - the one that they closed after reading and moved on to the second.

It turned out that most of the words from the second list were remembered if the first one was not just closed, but specially saved on the hard drive. That is, in a person’s memory, it seemed as if more space was freed up for a new portion of words, because he saved the previous ones on an “external medium”. The results were confirmed in another similar experiment with twice as many volunteers. However, this time there were some nuances. So, if the students were told that the saved list is not so important, that, of course, it needs to be saved, but if it suddenly becomes unavailable, then it’s okay, then in this case they memorized the second list without any advantages, as if the first list they just closed without saving.

In previous works on the interaction between computer memory and living memory, it was said that when we store information in a computer, it becomes more difficult for us to remember it ourselves. Long-term neural memory with old information becomes inaccessible - because we know that we "copied" them to the hard drive. However, as it turns out, there is also a positive side here: at the same time, we free up cognitive and psychological resources for something new.

Although psychologists have used only computer memory in experiments, it is possible that the same effect occurs if we write something down on a piece of paper. However, whether this is true or not, whether the type of "external carrier" plays any role can be clarified only after additional experiments - as well as the neural mechanism underlying the described phenomenon.

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