History of state and law of foreign countries. Parliamentary monarchy (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Parliamentary monarchy (most important)

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parliamentary monarchy

Considering this issue, we note that as a result of the electoral reform 1832 BC the balance of power between the House of Lords and the House of Commons began to gradually change in favor of the latter. Period from 1832 to 1867 called the "golden era" of English parliamentarism. The House of Commons overthrew prime ministers it did not like with relative ease. Such a fate befell 10 cabinets over the years. The English Parliament became the pivot of state life, a powerful tool in the hands of the ruling class. After the electoral reform 1832 BC some measures were taken aimed at updating the state apparatus, adapting it to work in the new conditions. Measures aimed at creating a well-functioning state apparatus were taken in the ministries of finance and the military, as well as in the admiralty. AT 1853 BC a special Commission on the Affairs of State Institutions is created, and in 1855 BC an examination system for enrolling in the crown service is introduced with the division of officials into special categories and classes.

The most conscientious workers England came to the conclusion that easing the lot of the working people should be expected only from the people's power. As they expected, it can be established using the suffrage. The working class hoped to create a new government by holding demonstrations, rallies, and filing petitions with parliament. These petitions became known as "people's charters" (in English charter: hence the chartists - supporters of the charter).

The Chartists made six demands:

1) equal constituencies;

2) abolition of the property qualification for deputies;

3) universal suffrage for men;

4) annual parliamentary re-elections;

5) secret ballot;

6) establishment of the Chamber of Deputies.

In the light of the above events in 1867 BC a new electoral reform was carried out, as a result of which, along with the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, the labor aristocracy also got the opportunity to participate in parliamentary elections. In December 1884 BC Another electoral reform was carried out. Its main effect was that the right to vote in the counties was given to persons renting unfurnished lodgings at a rent of £10 per annum. The number of voters in England increased by 2 million people.

After these reforms, an active process of formation (understood in the modern sense of the word) of political parties began. The old methods of direct bribery could no longer bring immediate results, as before. Now work among the population, the ability to force voters to vote in the sense desired by the party, skill in the fight against rivals for votes began to decide the success of the matter. The main pillar of the liberal party was entrepreneurs in the textile, shipbuilding and other industries interested in "free trade". They were followed by part of the industrial proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie, the majority of the English intelligentsia, and some clergy. The liberals were also supported by representatives of banking capital. They received many votes in parliamentary elections in Ireland, speculating on the issue of home rule (self-government). AT 1893 BC the Independent Workers' Party, based on a broader social basis, is established. AT 1900 BC A special Workers' Representation Committee (CRC) was formed. Organized workers joined him through their trade union organizations. Despite the fact that the social base of the PKK was trade unions, it did not set itself the goal of fighting for socialism. Committee in 1905 BC changed to the Labor Party.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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