History of state and law of foreign countries. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of state and law of foreign countries. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland was a single and fairly strong state. AT 1569 BC it united with the Lithuanian principality, forming the famous Commonwealth. The head of the Commonwealth was the king. However, the real power was wielded by the all-Polish so-called “Valny Sejm”. It was convened every two years.

Valny Sejm consisted of two chambers:

1) lower - "embassy hut". It consisted of deputies elected by the gentry's sejmiks. These delegates were provided with instructions from which they could not deviate.

2) the upper house of the rampart diet - senate - was represented by the aristocracy, the top officials, church hierarchs.

The reactionary political system established in medieval Poland had a negative impact on the course of the country's economic development. Thus, Polish industry fell into decline under the yoke of noble privileges, especially the noble export monopoly. Agriculture degraded as a result of a new strengthening of the feudal regime. Economic ruin, political anarchy, feudal strife, the incessant confrontation between political groups resulted in the weakening of Poland's military strength. And, as a result of these unfavorable circumstances, in 1772 three powers - Prussia, Russia and Austria, intervening in the internal affairs of Poland, produce its first division: significant border areas have gone to the three indicated powers. AT 1793 BC the second division of Poland takes place - this time between Prussia and Russia. The second partition of Poland had a severe impact on the country's economy and hurt the national feelings of the Poles. A revolutionary situation has arisen in the country. As a result of internal unrest in the country, the third and final partition of Poland took place.

Considering Polish law, it should be noted such a source as Polish truth. This is not official, but private codification. The ancient formalities necessary for the transfer of landed property from hand to hand are dying out. The act of alienation entered into the court books becomes sufficient. Polish criminal law is undergoing changes. Also in XII century. it does not distinguish between intent and negligence, it allows and widely applies liability without guilt (a family is responsible for the betrayal of one of its members, a village for a corpse found on its territory, etc.). The qualified death penalty for a number of crimes coexists with fines, and the use of one or another measure is not strictly regulated and depends on the discretion of the prince, king, and judges. Slavery, confiscation, expulsion are used. The amount of fines depended, as elsewhere, on the social affiliation of the perpetrator or victim and was of a class nature. Considering the sources of old Polish law, it should be noted that there was an attempt to make punishment dependent on the subjective side of the crime (intention, negligence). In Polish law, the distinction between “public” and “private” crimes is gradually being erased, and attention to recidivism is increasing. The Polish Truth contains a number of provisions about the judicial process, especially about ordeals, which existed in the form of tests with boiling water, hot iron, and combat. The verdict was first passed orally. Apparently, it began to be written down no earlier than the 13th century. Subsequently, the Polish process undergoes the same evolution as in Western European countries. Documents and witnesses are replacing the ordeals. Appeals against sentences and decisions began to be allowed, mainly in the form of accusing the judge of being biased.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

<< Back: Poland. Emergence of the state

>> Forward: Development of the state in the Czech Republic

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Inheritance law. Lecture notes

▪ Customs business. Crib

▪ Endocrinology. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Computer for visually impaired people 06.07.2000

Scientists have long been working on the creation of various systems that can help people with visual impairments.

In New Zealand, the Palais Data firm, which specializes in electronic devices for the blind, has developed a special Braille Notebook for using the Internet. It allows not only to reproduce text by voice, but is also equipped with a special 32-character panel, on which the content of a website page or an e-mail box is displayed with Braille icons designed specifically for the blind. Such devices will undoubtedly solve the problem of storing "oversized" books for the blind.

The cost of a PC with a panel is about $5000, a model with a "reduced" screen of 16 characters costs $3300.

Other interesting news:

▪ Latest AM389x Sitara ARM microprocessors

▪ Brain cells exchange batteries

▪ New programmable multi-channel 16-/14-bit ADCs

▪ Following in the footsteps of garbage

▪ Triple Differential Receiver AD814

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Microcontrollers. Article selection

▪ article Baffle. Popular expression

▪ article What is a marathon? Detailed answer

▪ article Manufacture of printed circuit boards. HAM Tips

▪ article Homemade welding machine. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Testing horizontal scanning at low supply voltage. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews