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What were the main stages of the post-war development of the leading Western European countries (20-50s of the XNUMXth century)? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the main stages of the post-war development of the leading Western European countries (20-50s of the XNUMXth century)? After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, a contradictory situation developed in Europe. On the one hand, the political elites of European states sought stability and struggle against the ideas of revolutionary transformation of the world. But keeping the world in a static state was difficult. The further development of Western civilization was carried out not only in an evolutionary, but also a revolutionary version. After the defeat of the Empire, the revolutionary struggle did not subside in France. Here, with the support of the great European powers, the Bourbons were returned to power, who began to actively return the pre-revolutionary order. Secret societies began to emerge in the country, aiming to overthrow the Bourbons. The Restoration regime laid the foundation for the conflict, which began to determine the dynamics of the country's further development. Protecting the interests of only the bourgeoisie led to the radicalization of other sections of the population, primarily workers, who demanded better working conditions. As a result, Louis-Philippe, who came to power on a wave of support from bourgeois forces, had to abdicate. February 25, 1848 France was proclaimed a republic. The regime established after the Revolution was called the Second Republic. But in 1851, Louis Napoleon (Napoleon I's nephew) carried out a coup d'état and was later proclaimed emperor. The end of the Napoleonic wars dramatically increased the international status of England. The rapidly proceeding industrial revolution gave rise to crisis situations, led to the polarization of the social structure of England, an increase in the pauperization of the population, and the enrichment of only a part of society. This led to increased social tension. The situation was aggravated by the fact that there was also no consensus in the very ruling elite of society. The old elite was not going to give up its positions to the new, bourgeois one. But in England, even radical forces did not try to solve problems in a revolutionary way. Changes occurred due to the reform of the political system of the country. The confrontation of forces resulted in a party confrontation between the main competitors - the Tory and Whig parties. The Tories rejected projects to reform the country's political system. The Whigs criticized the actions of the Tories. The change in the course of the country was seen by the Whigs in the gradual pushing of the Tories from power by peaceful means. In 1830, the Whigs won the parliamentary elections. The government was headed by C. Gray, a supporter of the modernization of the political system. But this government did not solve the labor question. As a result, a mass movement unfolded in England - the Chartist movement, which defended the demands of ordinary Englishmen. The revolutions that broke out in 1848 in a number of continental European countries played into the hands of the radical circles of the Chartist movement. But there was no revolution in England. The government managed to pacify the radicals. In addition, a long economic recovery began in the country, which removed the acuteness of many social problems. The Chartist movement died out. The development of the country went along an evolutionary path. The revolution in France made serious adjustments to the development of the German lands. In Germany, after the Napoleonic invasion, there was a rapid growth of national consciousness. This gave Prussia a historic chance to become a leader in the unification process of the German lands. But during the reign of Napoleon, Prussia failed to resolve these issues. Prussia suffered a defeat in the war with Napoleon. This event highlighted the need to modernize the conservative Prussia. First of all, military reform was carried out in the country. This increased the possibilities of Prussia in the struggle for leadership in the German lands. After the military reform, serfdom was abolished in the country. Later, a tax reform was carried out and the secularization of church lands was carried out. Much attention was paid to the construction of the central vertical of power, which was seen as a reliable means of increasing the efficiency of the system for managing unification processes. In 1848, the Constituent Assembly was convened, which was to develop and adopt the Constitution of Prussia. But the conservative forces managed to block the speeches of the most radical forces. As a result, the conservative-protective model of the country's development retained its right to exist. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Which Decembrist was exiled from Siberia back to the European part of Russia? In 1856, all the exiled Decembrists were pardoned, and many of them returned to Moscow. However, Dmitry Zavalishin, a former naval officer, was in no hurry to return - living in Transbaikalia, he actively published on political topics, exposing the abuses of the local administration. In this regard, at the request of the Governor-General Muravyov-Amursky, Zavalishin was exiled from Chita back to the European part of Russia by a royal decree in 1863.
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