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56. TYPES OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
The most fundamental social institutions present in any society include: institution of property, state, family, industrial organizations, science, system of communication means, upbringing and education, law, religion, army, leisure etc. Thanks to them, the functioning of the social organism takes place, the processes of socialization and inculturation of individuals are carried out, the continuity of generations is ensured, skills, values and norms of social behavior are transmitted.
All social institutions they are also forms of culture, acting as an instrument of communication between culture and society, culture and civilization.
The process of formation of social institutions is called institutionalization. No society can do without it.
In any social institution there are the most common structural elements: the purpose and scope of the institute; functions envisaged to achieve the goals; normatively conditioned cultural roles and statuses; a set of means to achieve goals and implement functions, including a set of various sanctions.
In the course of the evolution of mankind, social institutions have varied depending on the era and the nature of the culture. But any social institution arose only when the need for its existence was realized.
Institutions could play different roles in society.
So, in the Middle Ages, the institution of religion played a decisive role. With the emergence of property, the active development of commodity-money relations, the importance of the institutions of craft and trade began to grow.
At a certain stage of historical evolution, the institutions of family and state became enduring in importance. The first structures and regulates the life of the original social unit, the second - the sphere of general social life.
Society starts from the family. The state represents the general social order. Already by virtue of the provision of general social functions by the state, it acts as the core of society; without it, society is at the mercy of local forces and local interests.
Without the state, society loses its stability and disintegrates. The state, embodying the strength and influence of society as a whole, acts as a unifying and protective principle, a condition for stability and order. But the state can suppress other institutions, culture as a whole. This has happened many times throughout human history. This deformed the socio-cultural life of society, but did not stop it.
Many institutions retain their significance despite the vicissitudes of life (for example, the institution of religion).
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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