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17. THE PRINCIPLE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Principle of cultural relativism (from lat. relativus - "relative") affirms the relative isolation of cultures, the diversity of their development paths, value systems and cultural and historical types.
Cultural relativism is manifested in emphasizing the differences between the cultures of different peoples, differences in the worldview, thinking, worldview of peoples. All cultures are seen as equal in importance, but qualitatively different.
Cultural relativism proclaims culture as defining identity. In accordance with this provision, any culture can only be understood in its own context and only when it is considered in its entirety.
From the standpoint of cultural relativism, social interaction between representatives of different cultures is difficult, since members of one cultural tradition cannot understand the motives and values of representatives of other cultures. The same values may have different meanings in different cultures.
The conclusion that cultural processes and phenomena cannot be fully understood if they are considered in isolation from the cultural system as a whole is correct. Each cultural element must be related to the characteristics of the culture of which it is a part. The value of any cultural element can be considered in the context of a particular culture.
One of the founders of the school of cultural relativism is an American scientist Melville Herskowitz. He summarized his views in the works “Acculturation”, “Man and His Creations”, “Cultural Anthropology”.
Melville Herskovitz represented the general cultural-historical process as the sum of multidirectional developing cultures. In the most general terms, he understood culture as a human-made habitat, considering each individual culture as a unique, unique model determined by a permanent tradition, which manifests itself in the specific value systems inherent in each people, often incomparable with the systems of other peoples.
Culture ensures the integrity and vitality of society. Melville Herskovitz understood the history of mankind as the sum of independently developing cultures and civilizations.
But the emphasis only on the originality of culture narrows the possibilities of knowing this culture in comparison with other cultures. A consequence of cultural relativism can be cultural isolationism.
For a long time it was inherent in the policy of the Japanese and Chinese emperors, the former leaders of the USSR (Iron Curtain policy).
Cultural relativism has a negative meaning for the process of interaction and development of cultures.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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