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48. GENERAL LOGICAL METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
The general logical methods of cognition include, first of all, analysis and synthesis.
Analysis (from the gr. analysis - “decomposition”) - a method that involves dividing an object into its component parts for the purpose of studying them independently. Analysis is a necessary stage in understanding an object. But it constitutes only the first stage in the process of cognition. The next stage of cognition is associated with another method - synthesis.
Synthesis (from Gr. synthesis - "connection") - the union of various aspects, parts of an object into a single whole, which is not a mechanical, but an organic unity. Synthesis is a generalization based on the identification of the essence. As a result of synthesis, a completely new formation appears, the properties of which are determined not only by the external connection of the properties of the components, but also by the result of their internal interconnection and interdependence.
Induction (from Latin inductio - "guidance") - a logical method of research, involving a sequence of reasoning from the particular to the general.
Deduction (from Latin deductio - "inference") - a logical device that involves the transition in the process of cognition from the general to the particular, from some given premises to their consequences.
Analogy (from Gr. analogia - "correspondence", "similarity") - a method of transferring the found property of one object to another based on the similarity of objects in some other properties. The method of analogy is based on comparison. The analogy method is not always reliable.
To obtain a more reliable conclusion, it is important: to compare as many properties as possible for the compared objects; objects must be similar in the most important and essential features; take into account not only similarities, but also differences, so as not to transfer differences to another subject of study.
It must be borne in mind that if the object in relation to which a conclusion is made by analogy with another object has some property that is incompatible with the property whose existence is to be concluded, the general similarity of these objects loses all meaning.
Modeling - a method of studying object models. This method is based on methods of abstraction and analogy. Modeling is used to expand ideas about the original (prototype, sample model).
There are several types of modeling: mental (ideal), physical, symbolic (sign). A variety of symbolic modeling is mathematical.
The modeling method is actively developing: some types of models are being replaced by others as science progresses.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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| Random news from the Archive A revolutionary discovery for the production of beer
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For many beer drinkers, bitter taste and distinctive hop aroma are the most important attributes of their favorite drink. But hops are very expensive, consuming 100 billion liters of water annually in the United States alone.
To get around these problems, scientists have figured out how to brew "hoppy" beer without the use of... hops.
Bioengineers have created a genetically modified yeast that synthesizes the aromatic components of hops - the terpene alcohols geraniol and linalool. In the process of making beer with this yeast, hops can be omitted, which significantly reduces the cost and simplifies the production process. Double-blind testing of an experimental batch of the drink showed that such a beer has an even more pronounced taste and aroma than an American ale brewed in the traditional way.
Hops give the beer its characteristic bitterness and aroma. To achieve the desired taste, hops are added to the wort during the brewing process, and to give aroma - at later stages of the preparation of the drink; this procedure is called beer hopping. There are many varieties of hops that differ in the concentration of aromatic components. However, even within the same variety there can be variation in essential oil content, and this is one of the reasons why beer characteristics can be difficult to standardize.
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Bioengineers from the University of California and the Bioenergy Institute at Emeryville (USA), in collaboration with the California brewing company Lagunitas, have developed a technology that allows beer to be hopped without the use of hops. To do this, the genes for enzymes for the synthesis of geraniol and linalool were inserted into the genome of an industrial yeast strain used in brewing. In addition, researchers have learned to regulate the expression of these genes in order to purposefully change the taste of beer.
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