Table of contents (expand)
20. HISTORICAL STAGES OF CULTURAL INTEGRITY
There are several types of classification of the historical dynamics of culture.
Quite common is the division of history into stone, copper, bronze and iron ages.
Stone Age - the oldest in the development of human culture, during which people learned to make tools from stone and make fire. This rather long stage of human evolution is usually divided into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), when, in fact, Homo sapiens appeared; the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), when the spear, bow and arrows were invented; New Stone Age (Neolithic), when man moved from appropriating the fruits of the earth to their cultivation - agriculture and cattle breeding. In the Stone Age, the first rudiments of art appeared, as well as primitive religious cults (totemism, fetishism, animism and magic).
The division of history into the ancient ages, the Middle Ages, the New and the Newest time is traditional.
For a long time in domestic science dominated formational periodization of history.
The type of culture within its framework coincided with the type of socio-economic formation. In accordance with this, primitive, slave-owning, feudal, capitalist and communist types of culture were distinguished in the history of mankind.
Within the framework of this approach, the formational typology was supplemented by the class typology of cultures, according to which each class of antagonistic formations created its own type of culture. With this approach, the analysis of any cultural phenomenon began with its assignment to one of the classes, to one or another system of values.
The history of culture in this version appears as a struggle between two trends, two types of cultures - progressive, expressing the interests of the working class, and conservative, protecting the interests of the exploiting class.
Quite common today is civilizational approach to periodization of history. Within its framework, various cultural and historical types of life activity of certain communities are separate civilizations, irreducible to others and irreducible from others.
Each original type of culture evolves from an ethnographic state to a state state and from it to civilization. The founders of this typology are considered to be N. Ya. Danilevsky и O. Spengler. However, this typology has become more widespread in the works A. Toynbee и P. Sorokina.
In the second half of the XX century. the concept of typology of cultures became popular K. Jaspers, based on the idea of "axial time". This concept moves back from a cyclical interpretation of history to the idea of a linear history, with a beginning and an end, meaning and purpose.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
<< Back: Relationship between culture and history
>> Forward: Definition of sociology of culture
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Logics. Lecture notes
▪ Pedagogy. Lecture notes
▪ Informatics. Lecture notes
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive The brain predicts the future
12.12.2018
We constantly predict the future, and there is no mysticism here. For example, a driver, seeing how a red traffic light has changed from yellow, to get ready to take off - he knows that there will be a green signal soon. Or when we just tap out the rhythm to the sound of music - our finger begins to move in advance to get into the rhythm beat. In this sense, predicting the future is indeed commonplace; moreover, without such a skill, our life would be much more difficult.
But it's easy to see that the example of the driver is not like the example of tapping the rhythm. In the first case, the brain guesses the future based on past experience: we know that after a yellow signal, green always lights up. In the second case, the brain feels the rhythm, and even if we have not heard this music before, we can still follow the rhythmic pattern.
Researchers from the University of California at Berkeley found that different areas of the brain are responsible for both types of predictions. Patients with Parkinson's syndrome and cerebellar degeneration participated in the experiments: they were shown multi-colored squares replacing each other on the screen - red, white and green, with white after red and green after white. It was necessary to predict the appearance of green by pressing a special button.
But in one case, the squares appeared with a constant rhythm, and in the other case, the time between red and green was constantly changing. That is, the appearance of green could be predicted either by rhythm or by focusing on the white square. Squares with a constant rhythm felt worse in patients with Parkinson's syndrome, and where there was no clear rhythm and it was necessary to focus on the previous white, big problems arose in patients with cerebellar degeneration.
Parkinson's disease affects the so-called basal ganglia, which have quite a few different functions. Obviously, among other things, they control "rhythmic predictions". The cerebellum, apparently, controls the ability to guess events by their sequence, when we know that one must necessarily be followed by something else. It used to be believed that both types of "guessing the future" are regulated by the same system of nerve centers. Perhaps now that we know that there are actually two of these systems, we can better understand the nature of some neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by impairments to speech, attention, and other higher cognitive functions.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Silver ink for printing conductors on flexible surfaces
▪ Making diamonds out of peanut butter
▪ New TOSHIBA DVD Recorders
▪ It's too hot on the London Underground
▪ The longest and longest lightning
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site House, household plots, hobbies. Article selection
▪ article Clever, prudent. Popular expression
▪ article At what age can weightlifting records be set? Detailed answer
▪ article The driver of the car of the ambulance brigade. Standard instruction on labor protection
▪ article Zinc drying oil. Simple recipes and tips
▪ article Overhead power lines with voltage above 1 kV. Passage of overhead lines through uninhabited and hard-to-reach areas. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese