51. TYPES OF CIVILIZATIONS

Within the framework of the theory of the historical evolution of cultures, the existence of many local civilizations is recognized.

Local civilizations close in their features are combined into cultural-historical types. But the criterion for the unification of civilizations may be different.

A commonality of natural and climatic conditions of life can be recognized as a typological feature. In this case, mountain, steppe, river, forest, sea civilizations are distinguished, having similarities and differences in economic, socio-political and cultural activities.

Other cultural and historical typology appears if religion is taken as the basis. Depending on the most common religion, types of Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Confucian civilizations are distinguished.

On the basis of economic and economic characteristics, agrarian, industrial, post-industrial civilizations are distinguished.

To characterize the commonality of culture and civilization, the national-ethnic principle is also used, highlighting the American, Russian and other civilizations. The regional approach is more often used, then the civilizations of the West and East, North and South are singled out.

The substantiation of this cultural concept is present in the works N. Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin.

N. Ya. Danilevsky singled out original civilizations: Egyptian, Chinese, Assyro-Babylonian-Phoenician, Jewish, Greek, Roman, New Semitic (or Arabian) and Germano-Roman (or European). He considered the Slavic civilization to be among the youngest; according to the scientist, the future belongs to it.

Each type of these civilizations goes through certain stages of development and is distinguished by achievements in one area or another. At the same time, civilizations cannot be assessed on a “higher-lower” scale. No civilization can claim to represent the highest point of development.

Not all civilizations develop in the same way. Some go into oblivion, others turn out to be one-sided, others are subject to external influences. The life of civilizations is finite, but culture is infinite, so the progressive movement of mankind does not stop.

O. Spengler identifies Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (Apollo), Byzantine-Arab (magical), Western European (Faustian) civilizations.

According to the typology A. Toynbee Western Christian, Orthodox Christian, Islamic, Hindu, Far Eastern civilizations differ.

The following typology is proposed in the scientific literature: proto-civilization, early civilizations, world civilizations and universal civilizations.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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