47. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH METHODS

General scientific methods of empirical knowledge are:

1) watching - purposeful, systematic and systematic study of objects, based mainly on the data of the sense organs (sensations, perceptions, ideas). This is the initial method of empirical knowledge, which allows obtaining primary information about the objects of the surrounding reality.

Scientific observation (as opposed to everyday observation) is characterized by a number of features - purposefulness, systematicity, and activity.

Scientific observations are accompanied by a description of the object of knowledge, necessary for fixing the properties, aspects of the objects that make up the subject of research. Descriptions of the results of observations form the empirical basis of science, based on which researchers create empirical generalizations, compare the objects under study, classify them according to certain characteristics, and find out the sequence of stages of their formation and development. According to the method of conducting observations, they can be direct and indirect (using certain technical means);

2) experiment - active, purposeful and strictly controlled influence of the researcher on the object under study to identify

and the study of certain aspects, properties, relationships. The experimenter can transform the object under study, create artificial conditions for its study, interfere with the natural course of processes. Along with this, the experiment can be repeatedly reproduced, it allows you to identify those connections that are not found in natural conditions. The experiment is used to experimentally test hypotheses and theories and to obtain new scientific concepts;

3) dimension - this is a process consisting of determining the quantitative values ​​of certain properties, aspects of the object or phenomenon being studied using special technical devices.

The measurement result is obtained in the form of a certain number of units of measurement - standards, with which the measured side of the object or phenomenon is compared. (Currently, in natural science, the International System of Units of Physical Quantities - SI, adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures, is used predominantly.) The basic units of measurement are the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, etc.;

4) comparison - a cognitive operation that underlies judgments about the similarity and difference of objects, comparison in order to find out how objects and phenomena relate to each other, to the external environment, and to their structural elements. Comparison is possible on a certain basis, criterion. Items that are comparable on one basis may be incomparable on another.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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