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3. STRUCTURE OF CULTURE
The division of culture into material and spiritual is generally accepted (but this division is conditional).
Material culture includes the world of things, objects created by human labor. Intangible, or spiritual, culture is formed by norms, rules, laws, values, rituals, symbols, myths, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language. Unlike objects of material culture, they exist in the minds of people - they are realized in communication and reflect the level of human development.
Some types of culture cannot be definitely attributed to either the material or the spiritual realm, they are considered a "vertical section" of culture. They seem to permeate all its levels.
These are the following types of culture:
1) economic;
2) political;
3) aesthetic;
4) ecological culture.
Culture is also considered from the standpoint of the implementation of values. There are positive and negative values, specific - eternal, internal - external, etc. Based on the last pair of criteria, culture is divided into subjective (the development of an individual’s abilities) and objective (the process of people changing their habitat).
Objective culture, in turn, consists of many components. The most important components of objective culture are cultural universals and cultural order. Universals (the most general concepts of culture), scientists have about 100 (among them the calendar, number, name, family, rituals, etc.). Universals are inherent in all cultures, regardless of time, place and social structure of society.
cultural order - this is a set of worldview attitudes, ideas, rules, norms that govern the relationship between cultural elements (these are written language, oral speech, scientific theories, genres of art).
Objective culture is also subdivided according to the nature of its localization in geographical and social spaces into a cultural area (a geographical area that may not coincide with state boundaries), a dominant culture (values that guide most members of society), a subculture (national, professional, age), counterculture (a culture that is in conflict with generally accepted values).
From the point of view of the creative subject, culture is divided into individual (the culture of the individual), group (one or another social community) and universal (or world).
Culture is divided into progressive and reactionary (according to the content and degree of influence on a person). Progressive culture is associated with the concept of humanism.
Culture is also considered from the standpoint of statics and dynamics. The first describes culture at rest, the second - in motion.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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