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50. INTERRELATION OF CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
In the scientific literature on the issue of the relationship between the concepts of “culture” and “civilization” there are several positions - identification, opposition and interdependence.
Initially, these concepts were used as synonyms, no opposition was intended.
Since the Enlightenment, philosophers have insisted on the relationship of these concepts. In their opinion, only high culture could give rise to civilization, and civilization, accordingly, was an indicator of the cultural development of society and individuals. These terms are often used as synonyms in writings. G. Humboldt, E. Taylor. According to Z. Freud, it is culture and civilization that distinguishes humans from animals.
But along with the identification of the concepts of “civilization” and “culture”, already in the Age of Enlightenment, a tradition and their opposition arose. By culture, many researchers began to understand the spiritual potential of humanity, and by civilization - the material sphere. Even then, it was first noticed that material progress does not yet mean achieving a high level of spiritual development. The concept of civilization becomes synonymous with urbanization, soulless technicism, and is understood as a source of dehumanization of the world.
According to O. Spengler, civilization is the last stage in the development of culture, the stage of its decline and death. According to N. Berdyaeva, culture has a soul, civilization - only methods and tools.
Even more deeply contrasts civilization and culture G. Marcuse. For him, civilization is a cold, hard, everyday reality, culture is a holiday.
But, even opposing culture and civilization, scientists could not but recognize their interdependence. Thus, an optimal view of this problem arose, the supporters of which recognize the existence of differences between culture and civilization, but at the same time do not deny their interaction.
Within the framework of this direction, a view has developed of civilization as a process of evolution of cultures towards more complex states. With this approach, culture and civilization coexist in unity.
The real connections between them appear in certain forms. The first of them - genetic (culture, as the earliest form, creates civilization and is objectified in it). The second form of communication is structural-functional, since culture and civilization, embodying the material and spiritual aspects of life, cannot exist without interaction. Third connection - dysfunctional. Under it, civilization subjugates culture, unifies it, and leads to a crisis. But this in turn means that new values may emerge that will form the foundation of a new culture.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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