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9. DIVERSITY OF APPROACHES TO DETERMINING THE ESSENCE OF CULTURE
In determining the essence of culture, the foreground is philosophical approach. It forms the most universal interpretation of the phenomenon of culture. Culture is understood by philosophy as the highest human instinct, compensating for the unsatisfied real needs of people through the creation of symbolic space - the world of culture.
Philosophy sees in culture the meaning-bearing and meaning-transmitting aspects of human practice and its results, the symbolic dimension of real events.
The concretization of the philosophical vision of culture can be a view of it from the standpoint of aesthetics, ethics and morality.
Aesthetic approach to culture (according to F. Schiller) suggests that the path to the highest values (freedom, goodness, justice) runs through the beauty created in the field of art. From the standpoint of aesthetics, culture is seen as the realization of beauty and the filling of harmony with all types of human activity.
Culture from the standpoint of morality and ethics (according to I. Kant, A. Schweitzer) It appears as a voluntary fulfillment by a person of his moral duties to everything that exists in the world, and before the person himself sets the task of harmonizing his physical and moral essence.
Philosophy assigns culture the place of an ideal link between the eternal and the transient. This understanding finds common ground with the religious outlook on it. The range of religious views on culture is quite wide. The main place in it is given to the understanding of culture as a condition for salvation, as an active love for God, people, and the world.
Among proper cultural approaches to the definition of the essence of culture is usually stand out:
1) axiological approach, which defines culture as a set of material and spiritual values accumulated by humanity;
2) psychological approach, characterizing culture as a set of behavioral stereotypes and motivations that ensure social communication;
3) ethnographic approach, representing culture as the sum of knowledge, customs and beliefs of a particular ethnic group;
4) historical approach, which considers culture as a system of specific historical types of social development;
5) sociological approach, allowing you to study culture as part of a social system, social relations, a certain social institution. The sociology of culture studies the roles that culture plays in society (educational, value-orienting, communicative, etc.). But within the framework of the sociological approach, culture is considered primarily as a way of ordering (regulating) social relations.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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