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31. DOMINANT CULTURE, SUBCULTURE AND COUNTERCULTURE
Each society has some combination of basic elements of culture, symbols, beliefs, values, patterns of behavior that are accepted and shared by all members of society.
This set is usually called the dominant (basic, main) culture. Its content is made up of universal symbols, values and patterns of behavior.
Part of a common culture, a system of values, traditions, customs inherent in a particular social group, is called a subculture.
The existence of subcultures due to the fact that no society (as well as no culture) can be absolutely homogeneous.
The formation of subcultures occurs according to ethnographic, confessional, professional, functional characteristics, on the basis of age or social specifics. Subcultures are identical or close to the base culture, they differ from it only in some elements or features of culture. But subcultures tend to maintain a certain autonomy from other cultural strata and groups.
Because of this, they are distinguished by some locality and a certain isolation, while maintaining loyalty to the main values of the main culture. Subcultures do not set themselves the goal of remaking the dominant culture, but adapt to it in their own way.
But elements often appear in society that are in opposition to the dominant cultural patterns or completely deny them.
Such sociocultural attitudes, which not only differ from the dominant culture, but also oppose it, are in conflict with the dominant values, are denoted by the concept "counterculture". This term appeared in scientific literature in the second half of the 20th century. It was introduced by the American sociologist T. Rozzak, who tried to combine various spiritual phenomena directed against the dominant culture into a relatively holistic phenomenon.
Bohemia, the hippie movement, and the criminal subculture are examples of counterculture.
At a certain stage, the countercultures were early Christianity in the Roman Empire, the views of various religious sects in the Middle Ages, secular culture in the Renaissance, etc.
The emergence of a counterculture is a fairly common phenomenon. The counterculture, despite being hostile to it from the dominant culture, nevertheless affects it. Its value orientations dissolve in the bosom of the dominant culture, which begins to change under their influence. Thus, countercultures have a powerful creative charge that contributes to the dynamics of culture.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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