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28. CONCEPTS "TYPE", "TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES"
In order to understand the diversity of cultures that have existed and exist today as part of world culture, their orderly description (classification) is necessary.
The classification of cultural objects according to essential features is called typology. It is based on the concept of type as a unit of division of the studied reality, an ideal model of historically developing cultural objects.
Culture type - this is a scientific abstraction, which is obtained as a result of emphasizing, amplifying, logically linking cultural phenomena that occur in different eras in different cultures. This theoretical abstraction makes it possible to study many cultural phenomena on a quantitative and qualitative basis.
However, each real culture is unique; it is possible to attribute it to one type or another only with certain simplifications and reservations. Specific cultures can only approximately correspond to one or another type. They may deviate somewhat from his typical traits and include traits of other types.
Characteristics that are characteristic of cultures of one type and distinguish them from cultures of another type can be distinguished in different ways. Taking one or another of them as a criterion, scientists build various typologies.
Typology of culture - a method of scientific knowledge, which is based on the division of socio-cultural systems and objects and their grouping using a generalized model or type (the result of a typological description and comparison).
The typology of culture solves the problems of orderly description and explanation of a heterogeneous set of cultural objects. In the course of typology, the type of culture is comprehensively comprehended, its status is determined, the cultural context is analyzed, and the most common qualitative features are identified.
Modern cultural knowledge is represented by various typologies of culture. They serve as criteria for various reasons.
There are variants of culture typologies based on geographical (localization in space), chronological principles (localization in time), ethno-national, demographic specificity, features of religion, language, economy, sphere of society or type of activity, etc.
There are typological theories in which the culturally determined behavior of an individual is considered as the structural basis of a particular type of culture.
Each typology has its own strengths and weaknesses, has a certain methodological significance.
All typologies are rather conditional, since they do not exhaust the whole variety of cultural phenomena.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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