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1. BASIC MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT "CULTURE"
The original Latin use of the word "culture" comes from the words colo, colere - "to cultivate, cultivate the land, engage in agriculture." But already Cicero a wider application of this term began to occur - the cultivation of the human mind, the improvement of man.
In the current understanding, the word "culture" became known in Europe only from the XNUMXth century, from the Enlightenment.
It was then that it was realized that the qualities found in a person cannot be reduced only to the natural or to the Divine principle: there is also something that is determined by a person’s own activity.
Thus, the world of culture was opened - a world created by man himself from beginning to end, and thus man's dependence on himself, his own activity, and the ability to transform the surrounding reality was also discovered.
To date, scientists have more than 500 definitions of culture.
Such an abundance of definitions is caused by the extreme complexity of the very phenomenon of culture. Each of the authors, being unable to cover the object as a whole, fixes his attention on some separate, essential aspects of it.
Some associate culture with traditions, consider it as a social heritage of society, others emphasize the normative nature of culture and interpret it as a set of rules that determine the way of life. Still others understand culture as the sum of all activities, customs, and beliefs.
The modern classification of definitions of the concept “culture” allows us to identify the main approaches.
1. Descriptive approach. Culture is presented as the result of all human activity.
2. Evaluative (axiological) approach, in which the degree of culture is determined by correlation with some value standard.
3. Activity approach. Culture is considered as a specific mode of activity.
The term "culture" is also used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense, culture includes all generally accepted, established forms of life in society - customs, norms, institutions.
In a narrow sense, the boundaries of culture coincide with the boundaries of the sphere of spiritual creativity, art, morality, and intellectual activity.
But all definitions of culture are practically united in one thing - it is everything created by man, the world created by man. In its reality, culture is a complex of human achievements.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
>> Forward: Goals and objectives, the structure of cultural studies
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