70. CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE IN RUSSIA

The problems of cultural development were actively comprehended by Russian philosophers.

The most important stage in the formation of the Russian philosophy of culture was the disputes of Westerners (K. D. Kavelin, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen etc.) and Slavophiles (A.S. Khomyakova, brothers K. S. and I. S. Aksakov etc.) in the second half of the XNUMXth century.

The impetus for the beginning of these disputes was creativity P. Ya. Chaadaeva, who was interested in general and specific problems of the cultural development of Russia.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. a whole galaxy of remarkable philosophers appears in Russia. it V. S. Soloviev, N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, P. A. Florensky and more

The main topics of their reflections are the religious, spiritual foundations of various types of culture, the philosophy of art, understanding the features of Russian culture, its similarities and differences from the culture of European countries.

Cultural issues were addressed not only by humanities scholars, but also by other researchers.

So, K. E. Tsiolkovsky actively worked on the development of not only space theory, but also its philosophy.

Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky formulated the foundations of planetary ethics, which formed the basis of a scientific direction called Russian cosmism. The teaching of V.I. Vernadsky about the noosphere - the sphere of the universal mind - is still an important scientific direction.

He also spoke about the influence of space on the Earth's biosphere and ethnogenesis L. N. Gumilyov.

Many Russian literary figures had their own views on the process of cultural development.

F. M. Dostoevsky tried in his work to reconcile the task of personal spiritual improvement of a person with the ideal of building a harmonious society on the basis of a global theocracy.

The writer was concerned with many problems - the mystery of man and the human roots of social evil, the intrinsic value of personal freedom, etc. The writer most actively defended the ideals of religious humanism.

The developed concept of culture was also created by L. N. Tolstoy. He was looking for answers to fundamental philosophical questions - about the meaning of life, the purpose of man, the specifics of the organization of his inner, spiritual world. The writer associated the improvement of life with the moral improvement of each person.

The writer also owns the idea of ​​non-resistance to evil by violence. It was within the framework of this idea, according to the writer, that the gospel ideal of universal love could be realized.

The events of 1917 changed the course of national history, including intellectual and cultural history. The philosophy of culture found itself under the dominance of Marxist teaching and the dictates of communist ideology.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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