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49. DEFINITION OF "CIVILIZATION"
In the system of humanitarian knowledge, along with the concept of "culture", the term "civilization" is widely used.
Concept "civilization" has a fairly large number of values. Up to the present time, there is no unambiguous interpretation of it either in domestic or foreign literature.
Etymologically, this word comes from lat. civitas, which means "state centered in the city". The adjective "civilized" originally meant "urban", "educated", "educated" as opposed to "uneducated", "rude", "wild", "barbarian".
In the future, such opposition not only survived, but also acquired a more detailed justification.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. The view of civilization as the third link in the chain of human evolution, passing through “savagery - barbarism - civilization,” became widespread. The ideas of the Enlightenment left their mark on this concept (this concept, as an independent category, became widespread in this era); it was increasingly understood as a process of improving society and the state.
In this case, civilization was the most perfect stage in the development of mankind.
This understanding of civilization persists today. Thus, the modern researcher S. Huntington defines civilization as a cultural community of the highest rank. He identifies eight civilizations - Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Orthodox-Slavic, Latin American and African. The further course of human history will depend on their interaction, according to the scientist.
The concept of "civilization" is often understood in the sense of the totality of the achievements of the material and spiritual culture of mankind, and not only it (ufologists, for example, speak of unearthly civilizations).
Постепенно в науке сложился цивилизационный подход, понимающий под цивилизацией единство определенного типа общества и соответствующего ему типа культуры. Цивилизационный подход потребовал некоторой типологии цивилизаций. Основанием для выделения цивилизаций стали многие признаки: экономические, религиозные, географические и др. Выделяются аграрные, индустриальные цивилизации, восточная и западная цивилизации, христианская, исламская и иные цивилизации. Эволюция человечества также рассматривается как смена цивилизаций (античной и др.).
In the future, a fundamentally different interpretation of this concept appeared.
After the publication of the book O. Spengler The "decline of Europe" began to be called civilization the last stage of the development of culture, in which a tangible preponderance of material interests over spiritual ones is achieved.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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