Культурология. Основные культурологические школы и направления (самое важное)

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Культурология. Основные культурологические школы и направления (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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11. MAIN CULTURAL SCHOOLS AND DIRECTIONS

The scientific, systematic nature of ideas about culture began to acquire in modern times, in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries.

German scientists were the first on the path of systematizing ideas about the diversity of culture. Johann Gottfried Herder и Johann Forster, who can simultaneously be called philosophers of culture and anthropology. Their works posed questions characteristic of modern cultural knowledge. In the well-known book by I. G. Herder, “Ideas for the Philosophy of Human History,” an understanding of culture was formulated that formed the basis of the European cultural tradition. J. G. Herder argued that cultures have the ability to develop from themselves. This constitutes the law of progress in history. Therefore, in any event he tried to identify a tendency towards a higher goal. He understood the law of progress in nature as an ascending series of living beings; in history he saw it in the aspiration of human society towards humanity.

The first theoretical concept that appeared as a result of studying the life of peoples, their cultures, was the evolutionist (according to E. Taylor, J. Fraser, G. Spencer, C. Letourneau, L. G. Morgan and etc.).

The ideas of linearity, the unity of the human race and uniformity, stages, progress in the development of culture from simple to complex have become fundamental to the studies of evolutionists.

The evolutionist paradigm in the study of culture has contributed a lot to the understanding of human nature, the functions of culture, and the patterns of its development.

In the XNUMXth century in the wake of research on the problems of various cultures, the philosophy of culture becomes an independent field of scientific reflection, and its subject is man and the symbolic, artificial world created by him.

An important direction in the development of cultural ideas has become a sociological direction (according to O. Comte, E. Durkheim, M. Weber, G. Simmel etc.), which explores the relationship between the elements of culture and the social structure, showing how cultural values are embodied in social reality.

The sociology of culture, especially its analytical direction, was developed C. Cooley, W. Thomas, D. Mead.

In the XNUMXth century as an independent direction in the sciences of culture, a psychological direction stands out, actively exploring various forms of manifestation of the spirit of culture (myths, fairy tales, morality, life, mores). A new approach in cultural studies was laid by the psychoanalytic direction (according to Z. Freud, M. Mead, B. Benedict, C. G. Jung etc.), which made it possible to more thoroughly understand not only logic, but also the sensual aspects and foundations of cultural phenomena.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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