Культурология. Культурная антропология (самое важное)

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Культурология. Культурная антропология (самое важное)

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22. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The scientific direction that arose in the XNUMXth century, studying a person as a subject of culture, was called cultural anthropology.

By this time, the Eurocentric view as a determining factor in the cultural development of mankind was overcome, new cultural worlds were discovered that Europeans had never known or had long been known from ancient myths, legends, folklore.

The cultural world has broken up into many different cultures. The study of new cultural phenomena required their description, systematization and comparative analysis. In essence, it was the study of man in the aspect of expressing his complex nature and inner world in the facts of cultural activity. Description of rituals, customs, diverse religious cults, everyday life, folklore; the study of social structures, family organization and other began to prevail over speculative constructions.

An anthropological approach arose in the study of culture, on the basis of which a number of particular human sciences appeared (ethnology, ethnography, linguistics, paleoanthropology, cultural ecology, structural anthropology, social anthropology, etc.).

The first significant scientific trend in cultural anthropology was classical evolutionism (according to E. Taylor, G. Spencer, F. Frazier, L. Morgan etc.), who made a great contribution to the study of the evolutionary development of culture and society.

Diffusionism has become significant in cultural anthropology (according to F. Ratzel, L. Frobenius, W. Rivers etc.), the subject of interest of which was the problem of the specifics of the spread of culture, the movement of certain cultural elements from one people to another.

Supporters of diffusionism attached particular importance to the migration of culture, which occurs as a result of trade contacts between countries, the migration of peoples, and colonization.

Of great importance in the study of the essence of cultural life was functionalism (according to B. Malinovsky, A. Radcliffe-Brown and others), in which culture began to be considered as a system in which each of its parts perform certain functions.

In the XX century. structural anthropology is developing (according to K. Lévi-Strauss), in which culture is considered as a system of stable structures, expressed by various symbolic means and securing stable mental and other characteristics of social life.

Cultural anthropology refers to the study of sustainable cultures (primarily traditional ones).

This allows you to clearly establish their boundaries, to codify functional relationships.

But the analysis of stable structures fails to take into account the dynamics of cultural evolution.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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