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Larks are descendants of Neanderthals

24.02.2023

A new study suggests that we owe our ability to wake up at the first rays of the sun to Neanderthals.

It is known that our circadian rhythms or biological clock works as a built-in regulator of sleep and wake cycles. This built-in timing system is influenced by many different environmental factors, but circadian genes also play a role - all together they affect whether we are early birds or night owls.

In the new study, scientists have focused on studying how our genes influence how our body clock works and to whom we owe it. The scientists used sequence-based machine learning techniques to identify archaic variants in the human genome that affect circadian rhythms.

The results of the study suggest that every time we manage to wake up early and get to work, meeting or school on time, we should be thanking our old cousins - Neanderthals for this. Researchers have found that it is their genes that we owe our ability to wake up early.

It is known that modern people who first arrived in Eurasia had to adapt to a number of environmental problems that they faced - in particular, we are talking about large seasonal fluctuations in daylight hours than they are used to in their homeland. Fortunately, for all of us, Eurasia was already inhabited by other groups of people well adapted to life in higher latitudes.

Ancient Homo sapiens interbred with Eurasian Neanderthals and "inherited" a lot of harmful genes, but in addition to them there were several positive genetic traits - for example, those that influenced circadian rhythms and helped to adapt to new conditions.

It was the interbreeding between modern humans and Neanderthals that ultimately created the potential for adaptive introgression as humans increasingly moved into the new environment.

The researchers analyzed the nature of these archaic genes and concluded that they all seem to shift the circadian rhythm in the same direction, making Eurasians more likely to be early risers.

Similar circadian adaptations are also observed in other species living in the northern territories. For example, in fruit flies, these early bird genes help the biological clock synchronize with the summer.

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