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7. VALUES OF CULTURE
Values occupy an important place in the content of culture. In the XNUMXth century a special philosophical discipline about values arose - axiology.
Its development was greatly facilitated G. Lotz, W. Windelband, G. Rickert.
There are different approaches to understanding values. Usually, scientists proceed from the following ideas.
Value - this is a characteristic of a person's attitude to an object fixed in the mind of a person.
Value for a person are objects that give him positive emotions: pleasure, joy, pleasure. Therefore, he desires them and longs for them. Material objects, processes or spiritual phenomena (knowledge, ideas, ideas) can have value.
But value itself is not an object, but a special kind of meaning that a person sees in an object or phenomenon.
Value meaning exists in a person’s consciousness, but it is, as it were, objectified and takes the form of a special spiritual formation - value as a certain essence contained in an object.
If an object becomes desirable, satisfying the needs, needs of the individual, it acquires value.
Consequently, not the object itself, but the attitude of a person towards it leads to the emergence of value. However, in practice, value is called not only the ability of an object to satisfy needs, but also this object itself.
Value in cultural studies is not identical to the economic understanding of it as value (monetary expression of value). Values cannot always be expressed in monetary terms. It is impossible to express inspiration, remembrance, the joy of creativity and other manifestations of the human soul in a commodity-money form.
Value must be distinguished from utility. A valuable thing may be useless, and a useful thing may have no value.
In axiology, various options for classifying values are accepted. There are classifications in which values are arranged in a hierarchical sequence - from lower (sensual) to higher (sacred). Most often, values are divided into spiritual, social, economic, and material.
On the basis of the value ideas that prevail in culture, a system of value orientations of the individual is formed. Each individual organizes them in his own way.
Family happiness, material well-being, love, a successful career, decency, etc. can serve as value orientations.
In a person of high culture, spiritual values become decisive.
Values are often incompatible with each other. Therefore, a person is practically doomed to the torment of choosing alternative values.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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