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15. OBJECT, SUBJECT AND METHODS OF CULTURE
The definition of the object and subject of cultural studies is concentrated around the concept of culture. Culturology, which is in the field of tension between social-scientific and humanitarian approaches, has as an object of study the whole world of artificial orders (things, technologies of activity, forms of social organization, knowledge, concepts, symbols, languages of communication, etc.).
The subject area of cultural studies is also wide. It consists of the ontology of culture (the variety of perspectives of knowledge); epistemology of culture (foundations of cultural knowledge, its structure and methodology); culture morphology; cultural semantics (ideas about symbols, signs, languages of culture); anthropology of culture (ideas about the personal parameters of culture); sociology of culture; social and historical dynamics of culture; applied aspects of cultural studies.
Culturology applies various methods of studying culture. Among the most traditional are diachronic method, which allows one to study cultural processes and phenomena in the chronological sequence of their appearance and course. This method is combined with other methods, in particular with synchronous.
Synchronous method consists in the cumulative analysis of two or more cultures over a certain time of their development. This method allows not only to present cultural phenomena, but also to compare, analyze, evaluate them.
More opportunities in this sense are comparative-historical (comparative) method. Its essence is that it allows one to compare many phenomena of a cultural complex from a historical perspective and to penetrate into their essence.
In cultural studies, it is also widely used structural-functional method. Its essence lies in decomposing the cultural object being studied into its component parts and identifying the internal connection and conditionality between them.
But within the framework of this level of analysis, descriptions of culture still remain as if separated, not connected with each other.
The tasks associated with a greater generalizing ability to see its deep meanings behind specific cultural phenomena made it possible to resolve system method knowledge of culture.
In cultural studies, it is also widely used empirical method. Within its framework, traditional field anthropological methods - description, classification, observation, interview.
In recent years, more and more use methods of mathematical modeling sociocultural reality. But when using them, the problem of irreducibility of large-scale and complexly structured cultural information to exact mathematical formulas remains.
Author: Barysheva A.D.
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