46. ​​THEORETICAL RESEARCH METHODS

In theoretical knowledge, two general methods are known - dialectical and metaphysical. Gradually, the dialectical method began to be used among the predominant methods of cognition. Along with these methods, there are general scientific methods that also have a wide range of applications.

One of the important requirements of the dialectical method is to study the object of knowledge from all sides, to strive to study as many of its properties, connections and relations as possible.

The principle of comprehensiveness implemented in the form of an integrated approach to the objects of knowledge. This approach also underlies interdisciplinary research.

An important place in the dialectical method of cognition is occupied by the problem of taking into account the connections of the object under study with other objects.

Consideration of these interrelations in the system, integrity led to the allocation of a systematic approach in science, the development of methods of system analysis.

The study of relationships between previous and subsequent states of system objects is carried out within the framework of the principle of determinism, which makes it possible to reveal the cause-and-effect series in the development of certain objects.

The study of objects in their development is the most important principle of dialectics. It is this principle that most clearly distinguishes the dialectical method from the metaphysical one, which ignored the study of objects, taking into account their changes.

Among the general scientific methods, it is worth highlighting:

1) climbing method from concrete to abstract and abstract to concrete;

2) idealization method (mental introduction of certain changes in the object under study in accordance with the objectives of the study). This method is useful when it is necessary to exclude a number of object properties that are essential in its functioning, but hide the processes occurring in it. A complex object in the process of idealization is presented as if purified, which facilitates its study (this distinguishes idealization from a fruitless fantasy);

3) formalization method - display of meaningful knowledge in a sign-symbolic form, which allows you to escape from the study of real objects, the content of the theoretical provisions that describe them, and operate instead with symbols (signs). Formalization can occur using natural or artificial languages. A striking example of formalization is the mathematical descriptions of various objects and phenomena widely used in science, based on relevant substantive theories.

The formalization method helps to ensure the brevity and clarity of scientific information recording, which opens up more operational opportunities for operating it.

Author: Barysheva A.D.

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