Which player was bought by the fans of his native club? Detailed answer

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Which player was bought by the fans of his native club? Detailed answer

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Which player was bought by the fans of his native club?

Guus Hiddink began his professional football career at De Graafschap. After 3 years, PSV bought him out, but after the season in Eindhoven, the De Graafschap fans, for lack of the required amount from the club, collected 40 guilders on their own and returned Hiddink.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is civilization?

Standing out for some reason among other species in time immemorial, man follows the path called civilization. Of course, at different stages, man still differed little from animals. He could not speak, ate what he found and had no home. Then, in the first stage of his savage existence, he learned to make fire and eat fish. Later, he began to make crude tools for hunting and self-defense, and families united in tribes. Even later, he learned to make dishes for cooking and storing food. Nevertheless, man continued to remain in his primitive state.

The next step was what we call barbarism. People learned to grow plant foods and tame wild animals that possessed certain qualities useful to humans. Subsequently, they learned how to use metals such as iron and copper, and thus create better tools for hunting and defense. At the same time, people began to build their own homes. Already at the last stage of barbarism, man invented what became his main achievement, which determined the development of civilization. It was writing.

At that time, the first writing was drawings, but over time, alphabets began to appear in various places on the Earth. The reason why the invention of writing is considered to mark the beginning of civilization is that it was possible for man to preserve in writing the memory of past events and thus pass on his experience to others. All this time, people have been learning how to live in accordance with certain knowledge, in other words, how to create a management system. At the same time, the first ideas about good and evil, bad and good, that is, what is called morality, also arose.

When did all this happen? The beginning of the process is hidden in the depths of history and refers to the first days of human existence on Earth. The appearance of signs of the first stages of civilization dates back to the sixth millennium BC. e.

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Legumes force bacteria into symbiosis 15.06.2020

Biologists from ETH Zurich have studied how legumes interact with symbiotic bacteria that produce the ammonium they need.

Nodule bacteria that live in the roots of legumes and produce the nitrogen-containing compounds necessary for plants have long been the object of close attention of scientists. The transfer of this symbiosis to other agricultural plants, such as cereals, could eliminate the need to apply nitrogen fertilizers. The Swiss biologists brothers Bit and Matthias Kristen were able to make significant progress in understanding the mechanism of this symbiosis.

They used truncate alfalfa (Medicago truncatula) and its nodule symbiont bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti as test subjects in their study, studying the metabolism between the two organisms using isotopic labeling and biochemical analysis.

As a result, it turned out that bacteria receive from plants not only carbon compounds, as previously thought, but also, which came as a surprise to scientists, the nitrogen-rich amino acid arginine. That is, plants actually give back nitrogen, which they receive from microorganisms. But as the authors of the study explain, this is part of a strategy by which legumes force nodule bacteria into symbiosis. "Contrary to popular belief, this symbiosis is not based on a voluntary exchange," says Matthias Kristen.

Biologists have succeeded in establishing that alfalfa treats its root-nodule bacteria without any pity and acts in relation to them almost as a causative agent of the disease. The plant supplies carbohydrates to bacteria, but at the same time purposefully deprives them of oxygen, thus creating unbearable conditions for microorganisms. However, arginine helps bacteria to survive - with the help of it they carry out metabolism, during which they learn oxidizing protons along with nitrogen molecules. As a result of this process, ammonium is produced, which goes to the plant.

According to the authors of the study, this ammonium is, in fact, a by-product of the struggle of nodule bacteria for their survival in an aggressive environment, which the legumes themselves provide them with.

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