What is unique about the English system in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What is unique about the English system in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What is unique about the English system in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries?

The unification of England took place gradually over more than four centuries in the conditions of constant long-term war with foreign invaders, as well as internal struggle - political and military - with opponents of the strengthening of the central royal power.

In the XII century. Henry II Plantagenet, a descendant of the French feudal lords, came to power and owned vast lands in France. In order to further strengthen the centralization of the state, he carried out a number of reforms - judicial, military. These reforms were primarily in the interests of the feudal lords, who were the backbone of royal power.

In the thirteenth century the political struggle for strengthening royal power was continued by the son of Henry II - John, nicknamed Landless. He increased the tax pressure on almost all segments of the population, which led to an aggravation of the social situation in the country. In the spring of 1215, large feudal lords, with the support of chivalry and townspeople, began a war against the king. The king failed to break the resistance of the opposition, and in June 1215 he signed the so-called Magna Carta, designed to protect the interests and rights of the majority of the country's population from royal arbitrariness.

Major political changes took place in England during the reign of Edward I (1272-1307). A body of class representation arose in the country - parliament, in which, along with the barons, deputies of chivalry and cities sat. Parliament gave the king the opportunity to rely more actively on the chivalry and the urban elite, to suppress the separatism of large owners. The king negotiated with parliament on the taxation of the population.

In the first half of the fourteenth century Parliament began to be divided into two chambers: the upper - the House of Lords, where the representatives of the clergy and barons sat, and the lower - the House of Commons, where the knights and representatives of the cities sat. The strong alliance between the chivalry and the urban elite in parliament provided them with greater political influence in the country. The masses of the free peasantry and the urban poor were not represented in Parliament. Villans (dependent peasants) were generally forbidden to participate in elections.

Meanwhile, the situation of the masses, especially the peasants, was constantly deteriorating. Peasantry was especially indignant at the new taxes associated with the resumption of the Hundred Years' War under King Richard II (1377-1399). The increase in the tax burden gave rise to a peasant uprising that broke out in the spring of 1381 in the southeast of England, in the county of Essex. The leader of the uprising was the rural craftsman Wat Tyler. The main goals of the rebels were the abolition of personal dependence and the minimization of the tax burden. The king managed to suppress the uprising, but it did not pass without a trace - after 1381, the English feudal lords abandoned corvée, and during the XNUMXth century. almost all the peasants of England ransomed to freedom.

The Hundred Years' War also served as a pretext for increasing tensions within the privileged sections of the population. The war had reduced the incomes of the aristocracy, and now their attention was now more focused than before on the struggle for power and income at court. A convenient occasion for feudal civil strife was the dynastic disputes between the large dynastic houses of Lancaster and York. In 1455, a military clash took place between them. It marked the beginning of a long internecine war, known in history as the War of the Scarlet and White Roses. Most of the major feudal lords stood behind the Lancasters, especially the feudal lords of the North, who were accustomed to political independence and possessed large armed forces. The Yorks were supported by large feudal lords of the economically developed Southeast. The Yorks were supported by most of the new nobility and townspeople, who aspired to establish a strong royal power. For many large feudal lords, this war was only a pretext for robbery and strengthening their political independence. They easily moved from one camp to another. The armed confrontation between the Lancastrians and the Yorkers ended in 1485. The representative of the new Tudor dynasty, Henry, who entered the country's history under the name of Henry VII, was proclaimed King of England. The new king continued the policy of strengthening the centralization of the country.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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