When was the first underground launched? Detailed answer

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When was the first underground launched? Detailed answer

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When was the first underground launched?

On January 10, 1863, the first underground transport line was put into operation in London. It took almost 40 years until the first subway line (in combination with ground and elevated transport) was put into operation in Berlin, and although in Russia underground transport projects were considered as early as 1902, the first subway line was put into operation only in 1935.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who added the word divine to the title of the poem Divine Comedy?

Dante himself called his famous "Divine Comedy" simply "Comedy". In those days, there was still a strict division of poems into a high genre - tragedies, which were written about serious matters in Latin, and a low genre - comedies, about more mundane things with a happy ending in everyday language. Although the Divine Comedy deals with rather serious topics, it was the "vulgar" Italian language of the poem that prevented it from being called a tragedy. And the word "divine" was added to the name after the death of Dante by another poet of the early Renaissance, Giovanni Boccaccio.

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Random news from the Archive

5 copies of Earth discovered 17.10.2013

The Kepler space telescope has discovered exoplanets that are similar in habitat to Earth. There are only 5 of them out of more than 18 candidates. A new analysis of Kepler's observations has given astronomers hope that they have discovered the first planets similar in mass, temperature and type of parent star to our native Earth. So far, almost continuous observations of 000 stars have not reliably confirmed the existence of Earth-sized planets.

So far, it has been possible to find mostly hot giants that are uninhabitable or more attractive from the point of view of potential habitability of super-Earths with a diameter of 1,5 times larger than the Earth. In addition, terrestrial planets have been found in the habitable zone of small cold red dwarfs, which, although they can support life, are by no means comfortable and safe, as on our planet.

Kepler has discovered many possible exoplanets. But how many of them actually exist? In the figure, there are options for false readings (b and c), when another phenomenon is perceived as the desired planet. Perhaps among the signatures of the 5 most likely copies of the Earth there are erroneous measurements

The search for Earth's twins was one of the main goals of the Kepler telescope, because it is on such planets that life similar to Earth can develop. Also, the study of such a planet is important for understanding the evolution of the Earth. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find an Earth-like planet near a star similar to the Sun, since an Earth-sized planet blocks only 0,01% of the light of the parent star during transit (passing against the background of the star's disk).

Last December, the Kepler team published a list of 18 possible candidate planets and developed a special search algorithm, according to which, out of thousands of transit events, 406 likely copies of the Earth were identified. Unfortunately, the peculiarities of the telescope operation and problems with its photomatrix cast doubt on the earlier observations of transits.

Usually, the Kepler telescope "looked" at a certain part of the starry sky for about 3 months. At the end of each block, the telescope rotated 90 degrees, scanning the same area of the sky, only with a different part of the CCD array. After the next quarter, the telescope turned again, and thus, for 4 years, each specific star was observed by four different sections of the matrix. The problem is that specific sections of the CCD matrix turned out to be a little unstable. The data they collected is undeniably useful for science, but a little random noise could be mistaken for an exoplanet transit. Simply put, small interference can create a false signal about the presence of an exoplanet. Worst of all, false signals appear at strictly defined intervals (like real planets), and besides, they seem to be evidence of the presence of earth-type planets. All in all, of the 87 Earth-like planets, the vast majority appear to be false signals.

Using a special algorithm for filtering out false signals, the scientists found 5 special transit events that were regularly repeated for 4 years. Most likely, these are terrestrial-type exoplanets - only five possible copies of the Earth out of thousands of candidate planets. However, it is also a success. Although the found planets are located at a distance of about 2000 light years and it is not possible to study them by direct observation, astronomers at least have a chance to study the statistical data.

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