Audit. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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Audit. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents

1. AUDIT: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES

Audit - this is an entrepreneurial activity for independent verification of accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs. This definition is enshrined in the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ. "About auditor activity".

The purpose audit, according to the law, is an expression of an independent opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Reliability is understood as the degree of accuracy of financial (accounting) reporting data, which allows the user of this reporting, based on its data, to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activity, financial and property status of audited entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions.

Prerequisites for the occurrence of an audit:

1) the possibility of biased information from the administration;

2) dependence of the consequences of the decisions taken by the investor on the quality of information on the financial condition of the entity;

3) the need for certain knowledge to read the information;

4) the user of reporting information does not have access to the materials necessary to assess its quality.

Beyond the law basic definitions contains the approved federal standard No. 1 "The purpose and basic principles of the audit of financial (accounting) statements". According to the standard, an audit includes not only an audit of financial and accounting statements, but also services related to the audit. According to the standard under audit of financial statements is understood as an independent audit carried out by an audit organization and resulting in the expression of the audit organization's opinion on the degree of reliability of the financial statements of an economic entity. Audit advocates as an element market infrastructure, the need for the functioning of which is determined by the following circumstances:

1) financial statements are used for decision-making by interested users (both external and internal);

2) financial statements may be subject to distortions, the reliability of financial statements is not automatically ensured;

3) the degree of reliability of financial statements, as a rule, cannot be independently assessed by the majority of interested users due to limited access to accounting and other information, as well as the large number and complexity of business transactions reflected in the financial statements of economic entities.

2. RELATIONSHIP OF AUDIT WITH OTHER FORMS OF ECONOMIC CONTROL

Auditing activities are carried out along with financial control over the activities of economic entities, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by specially authorized state bodies.

External regulatory bodies represent:

1) Accounts Chamber - compliance with the law, budget expenditures, control over all economic entities;

2) Federal Treasury - federal budget expenditures;

3) Ministry of Finance - accounting, budget execution;

4) Ministry of Finance through the Federal Tax Service, off-budget funds - control over budget revenues;

5) Central Bank of the Russian Federation - money circulation;

6) Customs - currency control.

Goals and objectives - completeness of the formation of public funds and observance of public interests.

Internal regulatory authorities represent:

1) circle of ministries and departments (can be considered external);

2) audit commissions of owners;

3) internal control services.

Goals - maximizing profits, minimizing costs and taxes.

For independence from external and internal control, independent audits are needed.

Exception is an audit on executive matters commissioned by certain organizations, the conclusion is provided only to the organization ordering the audit. Audit does not replace state control over the reliability of financial (accounting) statements, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by authorized state authorities. The audit is directly related to the audit at the enterprise. But at the same time, due to the development of methods and forms of economic control, there are differences between audit and revision, including on legal grounds, practical tasks, work results, etc.

The audit is directly related to the conduct of internal control by the specialists of the organization itself. So, during the audit, the auditor should use the work of internal audit to study the internal control system at the enterprise and working documents to ensure that:

1) the relevant programs and scope of work of internal audit are consistent with the objectives of the external auditor;

2) the work of internal auditors is carried out according to plan and documented;

3) conclusions (conclusions) of internal auditors are sufficiently substantiated by the data they received and correspond to the existing circumstances, and the content of the reports corresponds to the results of their work;

4) high-risk areas known to the specialists of the audited entity are taken into account when planning work and internal audits;

5) the attitude of management and (or) owners to the comments, suggestions and questions raised by internal auditors is constructive.

3. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIT

In modern practice, the classification of audit types is based on the following premises.

1. auditor status. External audit is carried out by independent audit organizations on a contractual basis with an economic entity for the purpose of mandatory assessment of the reliability of accounting and reporting, as well as the provision of consulting services to the administration.

Internal audit is carried out on its own and pursues the goal of the effective functioning of the management system.

2. The principle of the initiative of carrying out. Mandatory audit is an annual mandatory audit of the accounting and reporting of the organization based on the requirements of the law.

Initiative audit is carried out by decision of the administration of the enterprise or its founders.

3. Scope of study. Financial audit represents an assessment of the reliability of financial information.

Management audit - is a review of any part of the procedures and methods of operation of the enterprise to evaluate productivity and efficiency.

Compliance audit - verification of compliance with specific norms, rules, instructions prescribed to the personnel of the administration, as well as clauses of contracts that affect the results of the enterprise.

4. Frequency of implementation. Initial audit conducted for the first time in a particular organization.

Periodic audit conducted in a particular organization for a number of consecutive years.

5. Verification method. Confirmation audit. System Oriented Audit involves the examination of the objects of verification, taking into account the assessment of the state and effectiveness of the internal control system.

Risk based audit means the concentration of the auditor's efforts during the audit mainly on areas where the risks are higher.

External the audit is carried out by independent auditors or audit organizations on a contractual basis in order to express an objective assessment of the reliability of the financial statements of the audited organization.

Internal audit is an activity within an organization to check and evaluate its work in the interests of internal users: managers, managers, etc. Internal audit is carried out by employees working in the organization, so it cannot be called independent. Nevertheless, internal audit is independent of those persons whose activities it checks.

4. RELATED SERVICES

Auditing organizations and individual auditors are prohibited from engaging in any other business activities, except for conducting an audit and providing related services. All permitted related services are defined in the Federal Law "On Auditing" dated August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ. The Law includes the following services related to audit:

1) setting, restoring and maintaining accounting records, drawing up financial (accounting) statements, accounting consulting;

2) tax consulting;

3) analysis of financial and economic activities of organizations and individual entrepreneurs, economic and financial consulting;

4) management consulting, including those related to the restructuring of organizations;

5) legal advice, as well as representation in judicial and tax authorities in tax and customs disputes;

6) automation of accounting and introduction of information technologies;

7) valuation of property, valuation of enterprises as property complexes, as well as entrepreneurial risks;

8) development and analysis of investment projects, preparation of business plans;

9) conducting marketing research;

10) conducting research and experimental work in the field related to auditing, and disseminating their results, including on paper and electronic media;

11) training in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for specialists in areas related to auditing;

12) provision of other services related to audit activities.

According to their content, the services accompanying the audit can be divided into:

1) action services are services for creating documents;

2) control services - these are services for checking documents for their compliance with the criteria;

3) information services are services for the preparation of oral and written consultations on various issues, training, seminars, etc.

To services compatible with the conduct of a mandatory audit at an economic entity inspections on behalf of government agencies, include services for:

1) assessment of assets and liabilities, accounting and internal control systems;

2) testing of accounting staff.

To services compatible with the conduct of a mandatory audit at an economic entity, checks based on the criteria for the activity of an economic entity services include:

1) setting up accounting;

2) improving record keeping and reporting;

3) control of accrual and payment of taxes and other obligatory payments;

4) analysis of economic activity;

5) holding seminars, professional development and training of personnel;

6) advising on financial, tax, banking and other legislation;

7) expert service, etc.

5. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BODIES REGULATING AUDITING ACTIVITIES

There are two main areas: state regulation (from government agencies) and self-regulation (by public audit organizations). In Russia, the regulatory system is still in the process of formation, at the moment state regulation prevails, but in the process of reforming, more and more elements of self-regulation appear.

Articles 18 and 19 of the Law of August 7, 2001 No. 199-FZ "On Auditing" define the functions of the authorized federal body for state regulation of auditing activities (Ministry of Finance) and the functions of the Audit Council under the authorized federal body. Main functions of the Ministry of Finance are:

1) publication, within its competence, of normative legal acts regulating auditing activities;

2) organization of development and submission for approval to the Government of the Russian Federation of federal rules (standards) of auditing;

3) organization, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, of a system for attestation, training and advanced training of auditors in the Russian Federation, licensing of auditing activities;

4) organization of a system of supervision over compliance by audit organizations and individual auditors with licensing requirements and conditions;

5) control over compliance by audit organizations and individual auditors with federal rules (standards) of audit activity;

6) determination of the volume and development of the procedure for submitting reports of audit organizations and individual auditors to the authorized federal body;

7) maintaining state registers of certified auditors of audit organizations, individual auditors, professional audit associations and training and methodological centers in accordance with the regulation on maintaining registers approved by the authorized federal body, as well as providing information contained in the registers to all interested parties;

8) accreditation of professional audit associations.

Audit Council organized under the authorized federal body in order to take into account the opinions of professional participants in the audit market. In accordance with the Law, the audit council:

1) takes part in the preparation and preliminary review of the main documents of audit activities and draft decisions of the authorized federal body;

2) develops federal rules (standards) of audit activity, periodically reviews them and submits them for consideration by the authorized federal body;

3) considers appeals and petitions of accredited professional audit associations and makes appropriate recommendations for consideration by the authorized federal body;

4) performs other functions in accordance with the regulation on the audit council.

6. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF AUDITORS

Auditing activity is an entrepreneurial activity and is regulated by civil law. Accordingly, as a general rule, the main documents defining the rights and obligations of auditors will be the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Law "On Auditing", as well as agreements with specific organizations that the auditor (audit firm) concludes with the audited entities.

Rights and responsibilities of the auditor.

1) Independently determine the forms and methods of conducting an audit.

2) Check in full the documentation related to the financial and economic activities of the audited entity, as well as the actual availability of any property included in this documentation.

3) Obtain from officials of the audited entity clarifications in oral and written forms on issues that have arisen during the audit.

4) Refuse to conduct an audit or express your opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements in the audit report in the following cases:

a) non-submission by the audited entity of all necessary documentation;

b) identification during the audit of circumstances that have or may have a significant impact on the opinion of the audit organization or individual auditor on the degree of reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity.

5) Exercise other rights arising from the essence of legal relations defined by the contract for the provision of audit services, and not contradicting the legislation of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law.

6) Carry out an audit in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law.

7) Provide, at the request of the audited entity, the necessary information about the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the conduct of an audit, as well as about the regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, on which the comments and conclusions of the audit organization or individual auditor are based.

8) Within the period established by the contract for the provision of audit services, transfer the audit report to the audited entity and (or) the person who entered into the contract for the provision of audit services.

9) Ensure the safety of documents received and compiled during the audit, not to disclose their content without the consent of the audited entity and (or) the person who has concluded the contract for the provision of audit services, except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

10) Fulfill other obligations arising from the essence of legal relations defined by the contract for the provision of audit services, and not contradicting the legislation of the Russian Federation.

7. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE INSPECTED SUBJECTS

Rights and obligations of the audited entity.

1) Conclude contracts for statutory audits with audit organizations within the time limits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2) Create conditions for the audit organization (individual auditor) for the timely and complete conduct of the audit, assist audit organizations (individual auditors) in the timely and complete conduct of the audit, provide them with information and documentation necessary for the audit.

3) At the oral or written request of auditors or audit organizations, give comprehensive explanations and confirmations in oral and written forms, as well as request information necessary for the audit from third parties.

4) Timely pay for the services of audit organizations (individual auditors) in accordance with the audit contract, including in cases where the conclusions of the audit report do not agree with the position of the employees of the audited organization, as well as in case of incomplete performance of work by auditors for reasons beyond their control .

5) Do not take any action in order to limit the range of issues to be clarified during the audit.

6) Promptly eliminate violations of the rules of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements identified by auditors during the audit.

7) Fulfill other obligations arising from the essence of legal relations defined by the contract for the provision of audit services, and not contradicting the legislation of the Russian Federation.

8) Receive from the audit organization or individual auditor information about the legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, on which the conclusions of the audit organization or individual auditor are based.

9) Receive an audit report from an audit organization or an individual auditor within the period specified in the contract for the provision of audit services.

10) To exercise other rights arising from the essence of legal relations, determined by the contract for the provision of audit services, and not contradicting the legislation of the Russian Federation.

8. RIGHTS OF AUDITING ORGANIZATIONS

Accredited professional audit association - a self-regulatory association of auditors, individual auditors, audit organizations, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to ensure the conditions for the audit activities of its members and protect their interests, operating on a non-commercial basis, establishing internal auditing standards mandatory for its members and professional ethics, carrying out systematic monitoring of their observance, accredited by the authorized federal body.

A professional audit association that satisfies the above requirements and whose members are at least 1000 certified auditors and at least 100 audit organizations is entitled to submit an application for its accreditation to the authorized federal body.

Accredited professional audit associations they have a right:

1) participate in certification for the right to carry out audit activities conducted by the authorized federal body;

2) in accordance with the qualification requirements of the authorized federal body, develop curricula and plans, provide professional training for auditors;

3) independently or on behalf of the authorized federal body, conduct quality checks of the work of audit organizations or individual auditors who are their members;

4) based on the results of the inspections, apply measures of influence to the guilty persons and (or) apply to the authorized federal body with a reasoned petition to impose a penalty on such persons;

5) apply to the authorized federal body for the issuance of auditor qualification certificates to applicants;

6) petition the authorized federal body to suspend and annul the auditor's qualification certificate in respect of its members;

7) apply to the authorized federal body for the issuance, suspension and cancellation of a license in respect of its members;

8) apply to the audit council with proposals on regulation of audit activities;

9) promote the development of the audit profession and improve the efficiency of auditing in the Russian Federation;

10) protect the professional interests of auditors in public authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, courts and law enforcement agencies;

11) develop and publish literature and periodicals on audit and related services;

12) represent the interests of auditors in international professional organizations of auditors;

13) perform other functions determined by the authorized federal body.

9. ORGANIZATION OF QUALITY CONTROL OF AUDIT

When conducting a statutory audit, an audit organization is obliged to insure the risk of liability for breach of contract. This is determined by Article 13 of the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ "On Auditing".

Auditing organizations and individual auditors are required to establish and comply with the rules for internal quality control of their audits. The requirements for these rules are regulated by the federal rules (standards) of auditing.

The system for checking the quality of work of individual auditors and audit organizations by external inspectors is established by the authorized federal body, which can conduct such checks on its own, as well as delegate the right to conduct such checks to accredited professional audit associations in relation to members of these associations.

Avoidance of external quality control of work or non-submission by the inspectors of all necessary documentation for verification or other required information may serve as a basis for cancellation of the license to carry out audit activities by an audit organization or an individual auditor.

If, during an external audit of the quality of work of audit organizations or individual auditors, facts of systematic violation by audit organizations or individual auditors of the requirements of regulatory legal acts or federal auditing standards are revealed, the inspectors are obliged to report such facts to the authorized federal body. Persons guilty of such violations may be held liable under this Federal Law, up to the annulment of their auditor's qualification certificate, as well as the annulment of their license to carry out audit activities.

10. RESPONSIBILITIES OF AUDITORS AND AUDIT ORGANIZATIONS

Article 21 of the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ "On Auditing" determines that audit organizations and their heads, individual auditors, audited entities and persons subject to mandatory audit bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Responsibility to the client arises as a result of a violation of the obligations assumed under the contract for the provision of audit services. A separate article in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Article 202 "Abuse of Power by Private Notaries and Auditors") establishes the responsibility of individual auditors for using their powers contrary to the tasks of auditing in order to derive benefits and advantages for themselves and others. If the actions of an individual auditor caused significant harm to the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, organizations or the state, then he is punished with a fine in the amount of 500 to 800 minimum wages or in the amount of the wage or other income of the convicted person for a period of 5 to 8 months, or imprisonment for up to 3 years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to 3 years.

For the implementation of audit activities without a license, a fine in the amount of 100 to 300 minimum wages is imposed.

Drawing up a knowingly false audit report (i.e., drawn up without an audit or contradicting the content of the documents) entails liability in the form of cancellation of an individual auditor or audit organization's license to carry out audit activities, and for the person who signed such a report, also cancellation of the auditor's qualification certificate and bringing him to criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. A knowingly false audit report is recognized as such only by a court decision.

In accordance with the Law, the activities of auditors and audit organizations must be independent.

The procedure for payment and the amount of remuneration to audit firms and individual auditors for conducting an audit and providing related services are determined by contracts for the provision of audit services and cannot be made dependent on the fulfillment of any requirements of the audited entities on the content of conclusions that can be made in result of the audit.

11. CERTIFICATION. AUDITOR QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATE

Auditing activity implies high professional competence of specialist auditors. To achieve the declared level, the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ "On Auditing" provides for attestation for the right to carry out auditing activities.

The law provides for the requirements for applicants for an auditor's qualification certificate:

1) higher economic and (or) legal education;

2) work experience in an economic or legal specialty for at least 3 years. Certification, training and advanced training of auditors are carried out in educational and methodological centers included in the state register.

Based on the results of certification, qualification certificates auditors of the following types:

1) in the field of general audit;

2) in the field of auditing exchanges, off-budget funds and investment institutions;

3) in the field of audit of insurance companies and mutual insurance companies (audit of insurers);

4) in the field of auditing credit institutions, banking groups and banking holdings (banking audit).

Each auditor who has a qualification certificate is obliged to undergo training in advanced training programs during each calendar year, starting from the year following the year of obtaining the certificate.

The qualification certificate of an auditor may be cancelled. The law establishes a number of cases for the termination of a certificate:

1) the fact of obtaining an auditor's qualification certificate using false documents has been established;

2) a court verdict has entered into force, providing for punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to engage in audit activities for a certain period;

3) the auditor has not carried out audit activities for two calendar years in a row;

4) the auditor does not improve his qualifications annually;

5) the fact of a systematic violation by the auditor during the audit of the requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation or federal rules (standards) of audit activity has been established;

6) the fact of signing the auditor's report without an audit is established. The decision to cancel the qualification certificate of an auditor is taken by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Every audit firm should have procedures in place to ensure that it controls the amount of knowledge and practical experience that auditors need to carry out their duties.

12. AUDITING STANDARDS

Auditing standards are uniform basic principles that define the level of audit quality and guarantee the reliability of the results. The value of auditing standards lies in the fact that they ensure the quality of the audit and promote the introduction of new scientific achievements and developments into audit practice, and in addition, determine the actions of the auditor in specific situations. According to the law, auditing standards recognize uniform requirements for the procedure for conducting audit activities, the design and assessment of the quality of an audit and related services, as well as for the procedure for training auditors and assessing their qualifications.

The auditing standard has a specific structure and consists of the following sections:

1. General Provisions;

2) basic concepts and definitions;

3) the essence of the standard;

4) practical applications.

The section "General Provisions" reflects the purpose and necessity of developing this standard, the object of standardization, the scope of the standard, and the relationship with other standards. The section "Basic concepts and definitions" used in the standard contains the main terms and their brief description. The section "Essence of the standard" includes a description of the problem, analysis of the situation and methods of solution.

Of the variety, there are several types of audit standards:

1) general auditing standards;

2) audit working standards;

3) reporting standards;

4) special standards used for auditing in certain areas of activity.

Depending on the subject, the audit is divided into external and internal. An external audit is carried out by an independent expert with the aim of objectively assessing the reliability of the financial and economic activities of the entity. Internal audit is an independent activity in an organization to evaluate its work in the interests of employees and managers.

To clarify the general standards developed and applied in practice additional standards.

1. Use of materials from another (previous) audit.

2. Identification of errors and inaccuracies that are not illegal.

3. Working documentation.

The auditing standards applied in Russia are divided into:

1) international auditing standards (not regulatory documents);

2) national (federal Russian) standards (are mandatory);

3) internal standards in force in professional audit associations;

4) rules (standards) of audit activity of audit organizations and individual auditors.

13. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR AUDITING

In October 2000, the first official translation of the International Standards on Auditing into Russian was published. These standards are developed, implemented and promoted by the International Auditing Practices Committee (IAPS), which operates within the framework of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).

International Federation of Accountants is an international association of the accounting profession.

The purpose federation is to develop and improve the accounting profession, which will allow it to provide services at a high quality level in the interests of the whole society. Currently, it includes 153 professional organizations of accountants from 113 countries, including Russia, representing more than two million accountants engaged in private practice, teaching, public service, industry and trade.

International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are used as national standards in 34 countries, and in another 35 countries they are applied without significant changes. These countries include the Netherlands, France, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Turkey.

Many large auditing firms use ISAs as the main generally accepted recommendations and methodology when conducting an audit. Discussions are currently under way with IOSCO (International Organization of Securities Commissions) for formal recognition of ISAs under the scheme recently used to recognize International Financial Reporting Standards.

One of the problems associated with the introduction of ISA into Russian practice is quite simple - foreigners often simply do not realize what has already been done in Russia in the development and creation of their own standards, while Russian auditors have a poor idea of what is meant by ISA. In addition, not a very large number of Russian auditors are well acquainted even with domestic rules (standards) of auditing, although they are published in a language they understand and have been commented on by experts more than once.

A number of documents from among the ISAs and the Regulations on International Auditing Practice do not yet have Russian analogues. This is due to the fact that the development of Russian regulatory documents takes time and the preparation of the entire package of documents has not yet been completed.

14. ECONOMIC SUBJECTS (CLIENTS) OF THE AUDIT AND THEIR SELECTION

The preparation of an audit is relevant to both audit firms and auditees. When preparing an audit, it is necessary to be guided by federal auditing standards, in particular: rule (standard) No. 12 "Agreement on the conditions for conducting an audit"; rule (standard) No. 19 "Peculiarities of the first check of the audited entity".

As a rule, the organization has the right to choose an audit organization or an auditor to conduct proactive audits or provide other services. When conducting a statutory audit, the choice narrows somewhat, since a statutory audit cannot be carried out by an individual auditor, i.e., an organization can only apply to an audit company. When conducting a mandatory audit in organizations in which the share of state property or the property of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the authorized capital is at least 25%, the choice is limited only to audit organizations-winners of an open tender for the right to audit these organizations.

When selecting an audit firm or auditor, the following factors should be considered:

1) availability of a license (as long as the legislation requires mandatory licensing of audit activities);

2) observance of the principle of independence;

3) the presence of an audit organization of a sufficient number of employees to conduct an audit of the organization;

4) positive feedback from other customers;

5) absence of claims to the audit organization from other clients;

6) the audit organization has an insurance contract for the risk of liability for violation of the audit contract. In turn, the audit organization has the right to choose clients. It is recommended to issue an internal standard for their selection. The principle of independence is observed - the principle of audit, which consists in the obligatory absence of the auditor, when forming his opinion, of financial, property, family or any other interest in the affairs of the audited economic entity, exceeding the relationship under the contract for the provision of audit services, as well as any dependence on third parties.

Before the start of the audit, the audit organization has the right to familiarize itself with the constituent documents of the client, the list of founders and managers, the balance sheet and form No. 2 with a breakdown, etc. When choosing a client, the audit organization must establish:

1) activities of the client organization;

2) the size of the client organization;

3) the reason why the client is conducting an audit;

4) the readiness of the organization's management to provide the information necessary for the audit;

5) the readiness of the organization's management to make changes and corrections to accounting and reporting based on the results of the audit.

15. FORM AND CONTENT OF THE AGREEMENT FOR PROVISION OF AUDITING SERVICES

The contract is concluded in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 28 and other norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. An agreement is considered concluded if an agreement is reached between the parties in the form required in the relevant cases on all essential terms of the agreement.

As a rule, the contract for the provision of audit services specifies:

1) the purpose of the reporting audit;

2) the responsibility of the entity's management for the preparation and presentation of the financial statements;

3) the scope of the audit, including references to the legislation of the Russian Federation and federal rules on auditing;

4) the auditor's report and any other documents that are expected to be prepared as a result of the audit;

5) information that due to the use of selective testing methods during the audit and other limitations inherent in the audit, along with the limitations inherent in the accounting and internal control systems of the entity being audited, there is an unavoidable risk that some, including material, misstatements of the financial reporting may go undetected;

6) the requirement to ensure free access to all accounting documentation and other information requested during the audit;

7) the price of the audit or the method of its determination, as well as the procedure for recognizing the service as rendered and the procedure for settlements.

In addition, the agreement may include:

1) arrangements related to the coordination of the work of the auditor and employees of the audited entity in the course of planning the audit;

2) the right of the auditor to obtain from the management of the entity being audited formal written representations made in connection with the audit;

3) the obligation of the management of the audited entity to assist in sending requests to credit institutions and counterparties of the audited entity in order to obtain information necessary for the audit;

4) the obligation of the management of the audited entity to ensure the presence of the auditor's employees during the inventory of the property of the audited entity;

5) an agreement to involve other auditors and experts in the work on any audit issues;

6) an agreement to involve internal auditors, as well as other employees of the audited entity, in joint work;

7) Arrangements that facilitate the interaction of the proposed auditor with the predecessor auditor (if any);

8) any limitation of the auditor's liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and federal auditing standards;

9) information about any additional agreements between the auditor and the audited entity.

It is advisable to disclose the following main aspects in the text of the agreement:

1) the subject of the contract for the provision of audit services;

2) conditions for the provision of audit services;

3) rights and obligations of the audit organization;

4) rights and obligations of an economic entity;

5) the cost and procedure for payment of audit services;

6) responsibility of the parties and the procedure for resolving disputes.

16. AUDIT PLANNING, PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES

The Auditing Organization should begin planning the audit before the letter of engagement is written and before the conclusion of the audit contract.

Planning - the initial stage of the audit, consists in developing a general audit plan indicating the expected volume, schedules and timing of the audit, as well as developing a program that determines the scope, types and sequence of audit procedures.

The principle of integrated planning audit involves ensuring the interconnection and consistency of all stages of planning - from preliminary planning to drawing up a general plan and audit program.

Planning continuity principle audit is expressed in the establishment of associated tasks for a group of auditors and the linkage of planning stages in terms of timing and related economic entities (structural divisions allocated to a separate balance sheet, branches, representative offices, subsidiaries). When planning an audit for a long period of time, in the case of audit support for an economic entity, the audit organization should timely adjust plans and programs for the audit during the year, taking into account changes in the financial and economic activities of the economic entity and the results of intermediate audits.

The principle of planning optimality audit lies in the fact that in the planning process of the audit organization, planning variability should be provided to be able to select the best option for the overall plan and audit program based on criteria determined by the audit organization itself.

There are the following audit planning stages:

1) preliminary plan;

2) general plan;

3) program.

Audit planning is governed by Federal Rule (Standard) No. 3 "Audit Planning". The overall audit plan and audit program should be updated and revised as necessary during the course of the audit. The auditor's planning of his work is carried out continuously throughout the duration of the audit engagement due to changing circumstances or unexpected results obtained during the performance of audit procedures. Reasons for significant changes to the overall audit plan and program should be documented.

17. PRELIMINARY AUDIT PLAN

At the preliminary planning stage, the auditor should become familiar with the financial and economic activities of the economic entity and have information about external and internal factors affecting its activities. The auditor should also be familiar with the following elements of the organization's life:

1) organizational and managerial structure of the economic entity;

2) types of production activities and the range of products;

3) capital structure and share price (if the shares of an economic entity are subject to quotation);

4) technological features of production;

5) level of profitability;

6) the main buyers and suppliers of the economic entity;

7) the procedure for distributing profits remaining at the disposal of the organization;

8) the existence of subsidiaries and affiliates;

9) the system of internal control organized by the economic entity;

10) principles of personnel remuneration formation.

Information sources:

1) charter of an economic entity;

2) documents on registration of an economic entity;

3) minutes of meetings of the board of directors, meetings of shareholders or other similar management bodies of an economic entity;

4) documents regulating the accounting policy of an economic entity and making changes to it;

5) financial statements;

6) statistical reporting;

7) planning documents for the activities of an economic entity (plans, estimates, projects);

8) contracts, agreements, agreements of an economic entity;

9) internal reports of auditors-consultants;

10) internal instructions;

11) materials of tax audits;

12) materials of judicial and arbitration claims;

13) documents regulating the production and organizational structure of an economic entity, a list of its branches and subsidiaries;

14) information obtained from conversations with the management and executive personnel of the economic entity;

15) information obtained during the inspection of the economic entity, its main sections, warehouses.

At the stage of preliminary planning, the audit organization evaluates the possibility of conducting an audit. If the audit organization considers it possible to conduct an audit, it proceeds to the formation of staff for the audit and concludes an agreement with an economic entity. When planning the composition of specialists included in the audit team, the audit organization must take into account:

1) working time budget for each stage of the audit - preparatory, main and final;

2) expected time frame for the group;

3) the quantitative composition of the group;

4) position level of group members;

5) succession of group personnel;

6) qualification level of group members.

18. CONCEPT OF MATERIALITY IN AUDITING

When developing an audit plan, the auditor establishes an acceptable level of materiality in order to identify significant (from a quantitative point of view) misstatements. However, both the magnitude (quantity) and nature (quality) of misstatements must be taken into account. Examples qualitative distortion are:

1) insufficient or inadequate description of the accounting policy, when there is a possibility that the user of the financial (accounting) statements will be misled by such a description;

2) the lack of disclosure of information about the violation of regulatory requirements in the case where it is likely that the subsequent application of sanctions could have a significant impact on the results of the entity's activities.

The auditor needs to consider the possibility of misstatements in relation to relatively small amounts, which together can have a significant impact on the financial (accounting) statements. For example, an error in a month-end procedure could indicate a possible material misstatement if such an error were repeated every month.

The auditor considers materiality at the level of financial (accounting) reporting in general, and with respect to individual account balances accounting, groups of similar transactions and cases of information disclosure. Materiality may be influenced by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as factors related to individual accounting accounts of financial (accounting) statements and the relationships between them. Depending on the considered aspect of the financial (accounting) statements, different levels of materiality are possible. The auditor should consider materiality when:

1) determining the nature, timing and scope of audit procedures;

2) assessment of the consequences of distortions.

19. IDENTIFICATION OF MISTORTION IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

When evaluating the reliability of financial (accounting) statements, the auditor should determine whether the totality of uncorrected misstatements identified during the audit is material. The set of uncorrected misstatements includes:

1) specific misstatements identified by the auditor, including the results of uncorrected misstatements identified during a previous audit;

2) the auditor's best estimate of other misstatements that cannot be specifically identified (ie, predictable errors).

If the auditor concludes that misstatements could be material, the auditor should reduce audit risk by performing additional audit procedures or by requiring the entity's management to amend the financial (accounting) statements. Management has the right to amend the financial (accounting) statements taking into account the identified misstatements. If the entity's management refuses to amend the financial (accounting) statements, and the results of the extended (additional) audit procedures do not allow the auditor to conclude that the totality of uncorrected misstatements is not material, the auditor should consider appropriately modifying the auditor's report in accordance with with federal rule (standard) No. 6 "Auditor's report on financial (accounting) statements".

If the aggregate of uncorrected misstatements identified by the auditor approaches materiality, the auditor needs to determine whether it is probable that undetected misstatements, taken together with the aggregate of detected but uncorrected misstatements, could exceed the auditor's determination of materiality. Therefore, as the cumulative uncorrected misstatements approach the level of materiality, the auditor considers reducing the risk through additional audit procedures or requires the entity's management to amend the financial (accounting) statements to take into account the identified misstatements.

20. RISK AND ITS USE IN AUDITING

Auditor risk means the likelihood that the financial statements of the organization may contain material undetected errors and (or) misstatements after confirmation of their reliability or recognize that they contain material misstatements when in fact there are no such misstatements in the financial statements. Thus, audit risk is essentially depends on two factors:

1) from the risk of significant inaccuracies or errors in the financial statements;

2) from the risk of incorrect conclusions of the auditor about the absence of significant inaccuracies (errors or even veiled abuses) in the financial statements due to their undetected.

From a practical point of view, audit risk consists of a set of risks. Typically, the following are distinguished: main types of risks:

1) audit or general risk;

2) internal risk;

3) control risk;

4) risk of non-detection;

5) risk analysis;

6) risk during substantive checks;

7) the risk of selective research;

8) entrepreneurial risk, etc. In the rule (standard) of audit activity No. 8 "Assessment of audit risks and internal control carried out by the audited entity", there are three types of risks that are of the greatest importance:

1) the risk of economic activity;

2) the risk of organizing internal control;

3) the risk of non-detection.

Definition given by the standard "inherent risk" means the susceptibility of an accounting balance or a group of similar transactions to misstatements, which could be material, given the absence of necessary internal controls. However, in the practice of Russian auditors, more components of audit risk are also evaluated.

Audit risk is made up of:

1) the risk that the auditor bears due to the fact that a separate accounting account contains material errors (consists of two components - on-farm risk and control risk);

2) the risk in which audit procedures do not allow to detect real-life violations (the risk of non-detection).

21. INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND ITS EVALUATION METHODS

Evaluation of the accounting system and internal controls is an important step in planning an audit, since on the basis of this evaluation the essence, scope and time costs of the proposed audit procedures are determined. The reliability of the internal control system is directly dependent on the detail and timing of audit procedures. When confirming the effectiveness of the internal control system, the auditor may reduce the number of audit procedures performed and (or) reduce the sample size.

The main areas requiring special attention when evaluating internal control procedures are:

1) environment;

2) security;

3) compliance with legislation and other rules and requirements;

4) own and control risks and their impact on procedures.

The auditor should obtain written explanations from management regarding the existence of a system of internal control in order to initially assess its effectiveness. During planning, the auditor should take further steps in achieving an understanding of the accounting system of the public organization being audited. To this end, the auditor should verify compliance with the basic principles of accounting:

1) continuity of accounting;

2) double reflection of transactions on accounts;

3) the correctness of the monetary valuation of property, liabilities and business transactions;

4) compliance with accounting policies throughout the year, documentation of business transactions;

5) conducting inventories and reflecting its results on the accounts of accounting;

6) correct attribution of income and expenses to reporting periods;

7) compliance with the data of synthetic and analytical accounting.

22. WORKING DOCUMENTS OF THE AUDITOR AND THEIR COMPOSITION

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 7, 2004 No. 532 approved Rule (Standard) No. 2 "Audit Documentation". The named standard is developed taking into account the international standards of audit. It establishes uniform requirements for the preparation of documentation in the process of auditing financial statements.

The auditor should write working papers in a form that is sufficiently complete and detailed to provide an overall understanding of the audit. The working papers should reflect information about the planning of the audit work, the nature, timing and extent of the audit procedures performed, their results, as well as the conclusions drawn from the audit evidence obtained. Working papers should contain the auditor's rationale for all significant points on which professional judgment is required, together with the auditor's conclusions.

The auditor has the right to determine the scope of documentation for each specific audit, guided by his professional opinion. Reflection in the documentation of each document or issue considered by the auditor during the audit is not necessary. The scope of the audit documentation should be such that, if necessary, the work can be transferred to another auditor who does not have experience in this assignment. The new auditor would be able solely on the basis of this documentation (without resorting to additional conversations or correspondence with the former auditor) to understand the work done and the validity of the decisions and conclusions of the former auditor.

The form and content of working documents are determined by factors such as:

1) the nature of the audit engagement;

2)requirements for an audit report;

3) the nature and complexity of the activities of the entity being audited;

4) the nature and condition of the accounting and internal control systems of the entity being audited;

5) the need to give instructions to the auditor's employees, to monitor them and check their work;

6) specific methods and techniques used in the audit process.

In order to increase the efficiency of preparation and verification of working documents, it is recommended that standard forms of documentation be developed in an audit organization (for example, a standard structure of an audit file (folder) of working documents, forms, questionnaires, standard letters and appeals, etc.).

To improve the efficiency of the audit, it is allowed to use graphics, analytical and other documentation prepared by the audited entity during the audit. In these cases, the auditor must ensure that such materials are properly prepared.

Working papers are the property of the auditor. Although some of the documents or excerpts from them may be provided to the audited entity at the discretion of the auditor. However, they cannot serve as a substitute for the audited entity's accounting records.

23. CONTENT OF THE AUDITOR'S WORKING DOCUMENTS

Working documents in accordance with the standard should contain:

1) information regarding the legal form and organizational structure of the audited entity;

2) extracts or copies of necessary legal documents, agreements and protocols;

3) information about the industry, economic and legal environment in which the audited entity operates;

4) information reflecting the planning process, including audit programs and any changes thereto;

5) evidence of the auditor's understanding of the accounting and internal control systems;

6) evidence supporting the assessment of inherent risk, the level of risk of controls and any adjustments to these assessments;

7) evidence confirming the fact of the auditor's analysis of the audited entity's work on internal audit and the conclusions drawn by the auditor;

8) analysis of financial and economic operations and balances of accounting accounts;

9) analysis of the most important economic indicators and trends in their change;

10) information about the nature, time frame, scope of audit procedures and the results of their implementation;

11) evidence confirming that the work performed by the auditor's employees was carried out under the supervision of qualified specialists and was verified;

12) information about who performed the audit procedures, indicating the time of their implementation;

13) detailed information on the procedures applied to the financial (accounting) statements of divisions and (or) subsidiaries audited by another auditor;

14) copies of messages sent to other auditors, experts and third parties and received from them;

15) copies of letters and telegrams on audit issues brought to the attention of the heads of the audited entity or discussed with them, including the terms of the audit agreement or identified significant shortcomings in the internal control system;

16) written statements received from the audited entity;

17) the conclusions made by the auditor on the most important issues of the audit, including errors and unusual circumstances that were identified by the auditor in the course of performing audit procedures, and information about the actions taken in connection with this auditor;

18) copies of financial (accounting) statements and audit report.

The auditor needs to establish appropriate procedures to ensure confidentiality, safety of working documents, as well as for their storage for a sufficient period of time, based on the characteristics of the auditor's activities, as well as legal and professional requirements, but not less than 5 years.

24. AUDITOR SAMPLE: CONCEPT, TYPES, ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION

Rule (standard) No. 16 "Auditor sampling" defines the concepts of audit evidence and sampling.

Broadly speaking, audit sampling - this is a method of conducting an audit, in which the auditor checks the accounting documentation of an economic entity not in a continuous manner, but selectively, while following the requirements of the relevant rule (standard) of audit activity.

In a narrow sense - a list of selected elements of the tested population in a certain way in order to draw a conclusion about the entire tested population based on their study.

The sample must be representative, i.e. representative. This requirement implies that all elements of the population being studied must have an equal probability of being selected in the sample. To ensure representativeness, the audit organization must use one of the following methods.

1. Random selection. Can be carried out using a table of random numbers.

2. Systematic selection. Assumes that items are sampled at a constant interval, starting with a randomly selected number.

3. Combined selection. Represents a combination of various random and systematic sampling methods. An audit organization has the right to resort to a non-representative, i.e. non-representative sample only when the auditor’s professional judgment based on the results of the sample should not concern the entire population as a whole.

Sample construction procedure. Audit sampling is carried out for the purpose of applying audit procedures in relation to less than 100% of the objects of the audited population, which are understood as elements that make up account balances, or transactions that constitute account turnover, to collect audit evidence that allows us to form an opinion about the entire audited population. To construct a sample, the audit organization must determine the procedure for checking a specific section of the financial statements, the audit population from which the sample will be drawn, and the size of the sample itself. When developing a procedure for conducting an audit of a specific section of the financial statements, the audit organization must determine the objectives of the audit and audit procedures to achieve these objectives. The auditor must then identify possible errors, evaluate the evidence he needs to collect, and, based on this, establish the totality of the data under consideration. When conducting a sample, the audit organization can divide the entire population being studied into separate groups (“subpopulations”), the elements of each of which have similar characteristics. The criteria for partitioning the population must be such that for any element it is possible to clearly indicate which subset it belongs to. This procedure, called stratification, allows you to reduce the scatter (variation) of data, which can facilitate the work of the audit organization.

25. SCOPE OF THE AUDITOR'S SAMPLE. ERRORS AND RISK. EVALUATION OF SAMPLE RESULTS

When determining the volume (size) of the sample, the audit organization must establish the risk of the sample, the permissible and expected errors. The sample size is determined by the amount of error that the auditor considers acceptable. The lower the value, the larger the required sample size.

Permissible error determined at the planning stage of the audit in accordance with the level of materiality chosen by the auditor. The smaller the size of the allowable error, the larger should be the size of the audit sample. When testing the means of the control system, an acceptable error is the maximum degree of deviation from the control procedures established by the economic entity, which the audit organization determined at the planning stage.

When checking the correctness of turnovers and account balances, an acceptable error is the maximum error in the balance or in a certain class of transactions that the audit organization agrees to allow so that the cumulative effect of such errors on the entire audit process allows it to assert with a sufficient degree of certainty that the financial statements do not contain significant errors. If the auditor believes that there is an error in the population under test, he needs a large sample in order to verify that the total amount of such errors in the population does not exceed the size of the allowable error. A small sample size is used if the auditor assumes that the population is free from error.

For any sample, the audit the organization must:

1) analyze each error in the sample;

2) to extrapolate the results obtained during the sampling to the entire tested population;

3) assess the risks of the sample.

When forming a sample, it is necessary to describe the specific goals for which it is carried out, and to evaluate the errors found in the sample in relation to these goals. If the audit objectives were not achieved through sampling, the audit firm may perform alternative audit procedures.

The audit organization can evaluate the qualitative aspect of errors, i.e. their nature, their cause, and also establish their impact on other areas of the audit.

26. FRAUD AND ERRORS

The definition, classification of errors, as well as the actions of the auditor when they are detected, are prescribed in rule (standard) No. 13 "The auditor's obligations to consider errors and dishonest actions during the audit", which was put into effect by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 7, 2004 No. 532. According to this standard bug - unintentional distortion in the financial (accounting) statements, including failure to reflect any numerical indicator or failure to disclose any information. Under dishonest actions means intentional actions committed by one or more persons from among the representatives of the owner, management and employees of the audited entity or third parties through illegal actions (inaction) to obtain illegal benefits. Allocate two types of intentional distortionsarising from fraud considered during the audit:

1) distortions arising in the process of dishonest preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

2) misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets.

Fraudulent financial reporting implies distortion or non-reflection of numerical indicators or non-disclosure of information in financial (accounting) statements in order to mislead users of financial (accounting) statements. The following actions are considered unfair preparation of financial (accounting) statements:

1) falsification, change of accounting records and documents on the basis of which financial statements are prepared;

2) intentional incorrect reflection of events, business transactions or other important information in the financial (accounting) statements or their deliberate exclusion from these statements;

3) intentional violation of the application of accounting principles.

Error differs from dishonest action in the absence of intent underlying the action that led to the distortion of the financial (accounting) statements. Unlike error, fraud is intentional and usually involves the deliberate concealment of facts. While the auditor can determine the potential for fraud, it is difficult if not impossible for the auditor to determine intent, especially in terms of the subjective judgment of the entity's management.

Both intentional and unintentional misrepresentation of financial statements may be insignificant or significant for the audited economic entity (i.e., affecting the reliability of its financial statements to such a strong extent that a qualified user of its financial statements can draw erroneous conclusions based on such statements or accept wrong decisions).

27. AUDITOR EVIDENCE

Based on an understanding of the accounting and internal control system, the auditor determines characteristics or indicators that describe the results of the application of internal controls, as well as conditions for possible deviations that indicate a deviation from adequate performance. The presence or absence of such indicators can then be tested by the auditor.

Audit sampling for tests of internal controls is generally reasonable if there is evidence that internal controls have been applied, such as documented evidence that the entity's management has allowed data to be entered into a computer system for processing. When performing substantive audit procedures in the form of detailed tests, an audit sample can be used to verify and obtain audit evidence of the correctness of one or more assertions in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements for a specific numerical indicator (for example, the existence of receivables) or when evaluating an indicator (for example, the assessment of obsolete or lost their original quality stocks).

Audit risk is reduced if the auditor uses evidence obtained from various sources and in different forms of presentation. If evidence obtained from one source contradicts evidence obtained from another source, the auditor needs to use additional audit procedures to resolve the conflict and be confident in the reliability of the evidence collected and the validity of the conclusions reached.

If the audit organization is not provided by the economic entity with the existing documents in full and it is not able to collect sufficient audit evidence on any account and (or) transaction, the audit organization is obliged to reflect this in the report (written information to the management of the economic entity) and may consider on the preparation of an audit opinion other than unconditionally positive.

28. SOURCES AND METHODS OF OBTAINING AUDITOR EVIDENCE

Sources of Audit Evidence (evidence) are:

1) primary documents of an economic entity and third parties;

2) accounting registers of an economic entity;

3) the results of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the economic entity;

4) oral statements of employees of the economic entity and third parties;

5) comparison of some documents of an economic entity with others, as well as comparison of documents of an economic entity with documents of third parties;

6) the results of the inventory of the property of the economic entity, conducted by the employees of the economic entity;

7) financial statements.

Quality of evidence depends on their sources. The most valuable audit evidence is evidence obtained by the auditor directly as a result of the study of business transactions. The determination of the sufficiency of audit evidence depends on the following factors:

1) the degree of audit risk, i.e. the likelihood of making the wrong decision by the audit organization;

2) availability of evidence from an independent source (third parties) as more reliable than received directly from employees of an economic entity;

3) obtaining audit evidence based on the data of the internal control system, which is the more reliable, the better the state of the internal control system;

4) obtaining information as a result of independent analysis or verification of an audit organization as more reliable than information received from other persons;

5) obtaining audit evidence in the form of documents and affidavits as more reliable than oral testimony;

6) the possibility of comparing the conclusions drawn from the use of evidence obtained from various sources.

29. Methods of economic analysis used in auditing (part 1)

Preparing an alternative balance. To obtain evidence of the reality and completeness of reflection in the accounting of finished products of work performed, services provided, an audit organization can draw up a balance of consumed raw materials and materials according to the standards per unit of production and the actual output of products (performance of work, provision of services). The balance of raw materials, materials and product output allows the audit organization to identify deviations from the standard consumption of raw materials and materials and product output (performance of work, provision of services) and thereby ensure the reliability of the calculation of the financial result.

Test of controls - a kind of audit procedure, which consists in checking the performance and reliability of a particular control. To do this, you can use the recommended rule (standard) "Study and evaluation of accounting and internal control systems during the audit." The auditor is obliged to evaluate the system of internal control of an economic entity at least in the following three stages:

1) general familiarity with the internal control system;

2) initial assessment of the reliability of the internal control system;

3) confirmation of the reliability of the assessment of the internal control system. Audit firms may decide to apply in their activities more stages of assessing the system of internal control than the three above, to conduct an assessment in more detail and thoroughness than prescribed in this section.

General acquaintance with the internal control system. At the beginning of its work, the audit organization should obtain a general understanding of the specifics and scale of the activities of an economic entity and its accounting system. Based on the results of the initial acquaintance, the audit organization must decide whether in its work it can generally rely on the internal control system of the economic entity being audited.

If the audit organization decides that it cannot rely in its work on the internal control system of the economic entity, it should plan the audit in such a way that the audit opinion is not based on reliance on this system. This may be done when the reliability of the internal control system is assessed by the auditor as "poor" or when it is more convenient or economically feasible for the auditor not to rely on the system. In the event that, based on the results of a general acquaintance with the internal control system of an economic entity, the audit organization decides that it can make an attempt to rely on the internal control system in its work, it should carry out an initial assessment of the reliability of the internal control system.

30. Methods of economic analysis used in auditing (part 2)

Initial assessment of the reliability of the internal control system. The procedure for the initial assessment of the reliability of the internal control system, as well as the procedure for confirming its reliability, is carried out on the basis of methods and techniques that audit organizations develop independently, but taking into account the requirements of this auditing rule (standard).

During the initial assessment of the reliability of the internal control system, the auditor must take into account that:

1) it is necessary to check the accounting and economic documentation of the economic entity of the entire reporting period, and not just selected periods of time, for the reliability of controls;

2) when checking, it is necessary to pay more attention to those periods in which the activity had features or differences compared to the activity typical for the entire period as a whole;

3) assessment of the reliability of the entire internal control system and (or) individual controls as "low" does not exclude the possibility of assessing the reliability of other individual controls as "medium" or "high". Based on the results of the initial reliability assessment procedure, the audit organization may assess the reliability of the entire internal control system and (or) individual controls as "medium" or as "high". In this case, the firm should plan audit procedures based on this assumption, but should not place absolute trust in the system.

If the reliability of the internal control system as a whole and (or) individual controls is assessed as "low", the audit organization is obliged to ascertain this and plan audit procedures accordingly in the future.

Confirmation of the reliability of the assessment of the internal control system. An audit organization that, based on the results of the initial assessment procedure, has made a decision to trust the internal control system and (or) individual controls is obliged to carry out procedures to confirm the reliability of this system during the audit. Procedures for confirming the reliability of the internal control system and (or) individual controls are carried out on the basis of methods and techniques that are developed by the audit organization independently, but taking into account the requirements of this auditing rule (standard). If the audit organization, during the process of confirming reliability, comes to the conclusion that the assessment of the reliability of the internal control system as a whole and (or) any individual means of internal control will be lower than that obtained during the initial assessment, it is obliged to adjust accordingly the procedure for carrying out other audit procedures in order to generally increase the reliability of their conclusions based on the results of the audit.

31. AUDITOR'S REPORT AND ITS STRUCTURE

The form, content and procedure for submitting an auditor's report are determined by federal standard No. 6 "Auditor's report on financial (accounting) statements", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 7, 2004 No. 532. The auditor's report includes the following elements.

1. Name.

2. Destination.

3. The following information about the auditor:

1) organizational and legal form and name, for an individual auditor - last name, first name, patronymic and an indication that he carries out his activities without forming a legal entity;

2) location;

3) number and date of the certificate of state registration;

4) number, date of granting a license to carry out audit activities and the name of the body that granted the license, as well as the validity period of the license;

5) membership in an accredited professional audit association.

4. The following information about the audited entity:

1) legal form and name;

2) location;

3) number and date of the state registration certificate.

5. Introductory part.

6. The part describing the scope of the audit.

7. The part containing the auditor's opinion.

8. Date of the auditor's report.

9. Auditor's signature.

The form and content of the auditor's report should be consistent in order to facilitate its understanding by the user and to help detect unusual circumstances if they occur. The auditor's report must be addressed to the person stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) the audit agreement. As a rule, the audit report is addressed to the owner of the audited entity (shareholders), the board of directors, etc.

The auditor should date the auditor's report with the date when the audit was completed, as this circumstance provides the user with reason to believe that the auditor has taken into account the impact that the financial (accounting) statements and the auditor's report had on the events and transactions known to the auditor and occurred before this date. The audit report must be signed by the head of the auditor or a person authorized by the head and the person who conducted the audit (the person who led the audit), indicating the number and validity of his qualification certificate. These signatures must be sealed. If the audit was carried out by an individual auditor who independently conducted the audit, the audit report can be signed only by this auditor. The audit report is accompanied by financial (accounting) statements, in respect of which an opinion is expressed and which is dated, signed and sealed by the audited entity in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation of such statements. The auditor's report is prepared in the number of copies agreed upon by the auditor and the audited entity.

32. CONTENT OF THE AUDITOR'S REPORT

The auditor's report must contain the following information.

1. List of audited financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity, indicating the reporting period and its composition.

2. Statement of responsibility assigned to the audited entity for accounting, preparation and presentation of financial (accounting) statements.

3. Statement of the auditor's responsibility, which consists in expressing an independent opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements in all material respects and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. Description of the scope of the audit, indicating its conduct in accordance with federal laws, federal rules (standards) of audit activity, internal rules (standards) of audit activity in force in professional audit associations, of which the auditor is a member, or in accordance with other documents.

5. Statement on planning and conducting an audit in order to provide reasonable assurance that the financial (accounting) statements do not contain material misstatements.

6. An instruction to conduct an audit on a selective basis, including the following elements:

▪ study, based on testing, of evidence confirming numerical indicators and disclosure in financial (accounting) statements of information about the financial and economic activities of the audited entity;

▪ assessment of the form of compliance with the principles and rules of accounting used in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

▪ consideration of the main assessment indicators obtained by the management of the audited entity in the preparation of financial (accounting) statements;

▪ assessment of the presentation of financial (accounting) statements.

7. Indication of the main principles and methods (applicable procedure) of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

33. FORMS OF THE AUDITOR'S REPORT

1. Unconditionally positive opinion should be expressed when the auditor comes to the conclusion that the financial (accounting) statements give a reliable idea of the financial position and results of the financial and economic activities of the entity being audited in accordance with the established principles and methods of accounting and preparation of financial (accounting) statements In Russian federation.

2. Qualified opinion should be expressed when the auditor concludes that it is not possible to express an unqualifiedly favorable opinion, but the impact of a disagreement with management or a limitation on the scope of the audit is not sufficiently significant or profound to warrant an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion. A qualified opinion must contain the wording: “except for the influence of circumstances...” (indicate the circumstances to which the reservation applies).

3. Disclaimer of Opinion occurs when the limitation of the scope of the audit is so significant and deep that the auditor cannot obtain sufficient evidence and, therefore, is not able to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements.

4. Negative opinion should be expressed only when the effect of any disagreement with management is so material to the financial (accounting) statements that the auditor concludes that the inclusion of a disclaimer in the auditor's report is not adequate to disclose the misleading or incomplete nature of the financial ( accounting) reporting.

5. Modified auditor's report. The auditor's report is considered modified if the following factors arise:

1) not influencing the auditor's opinion, but described in the auditor's report in order to draw the attention of users to any situation that has developed with the audited entity and disclosed in the financial (accounting) statements;

2) affecting the auditor's opinion that could result in a qualified opinion, a disclaimer of opinion, or an adverse opinion. Under certain circumstances, the auditor's report may be modified by including a part that draws attention to the situation affecting the financial (accounting) statements, but considered in the explanatory notes to the financial (accounting) statements.

The auditor may not be able to express an unconditionally favorable opinion if at least one of the following circumstances exists and, in accordance with the auditor's judgment, this circumstance has or may have a significant impact on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements:

▪ there is a limitation on the scope of the auditor’s work;

▪ there is a disagreement with management regarding:

a) the admissibility of the chosen accounting policy, the method of its application;

b) adequacy of information disclosure in financial (accounting) statements.

34. AUDIT OF FOUNDATION DOCUMENTS

The purpose of the verification of constituent documents is recognized as confirmation of the legal grounds for the activities of the organization throughout the entire period of its operation from the moment of registration to the actual reorganization or liquidation.

Information sources:

1) articles of association or memorandum of association;

2) minutes of the meeting of founders;

3) certificate of state registration of the enterprise;

4) certificate of registration with the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation for enterprises with foreign capital;

5) certificate of registration with statistical authorities, tax inspection, extra-budgetary funds;

6) prospectuses;

7) register of shareholders for joint stock companies;

8) licenses;

9) acts of valuation of property contributed as payment for shares (shares of authorized capital);

10) accounting registers, etc.

In order to achieve the goal of the audit of constituent documents, the following problem.

1. Determine the legal status of the enterprise. Scope of activity and rights of its functioning.

2. Determine the availability of licenses for the types of activities subject to licensing.

3. Check whether all settlements with the founders have been completed and whether tax legislation has been complied with.

Verification plan and program. When checking the constituent documents, it is necessary to establish:

1) the management structure in the organization and the powers of managers at all levels in making appropriate management decisions;

2) the timeliness of amendments to the constituent documents (if any);

3) types of activity of the enterprise;

4) founders of the organization, their rights and obligations;

5) the size of the authorized capital and the share of each founder;

6) timeliness of contribution by the founders of their shares in the authorized capital;

7) correctness of registration of documentation on contributions to the authorized capital;

8) whether the charter provides for the implementation of foreign economic activity;

9) whether the founding documents provide for the creation of reserve and other funds;

10) whether the organization has the right to create branches and other structural divisions on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad, allocated to an independent balance sheet;

11) availability of licenses to carry out activities subject to licensing in accordance with applicable law;

12) the procedure for distributing the profit remaining at the disposal at the end of the year after the payment of mandatory payments;

13) the correctness of calculating the income of founders and shareholders and withholding taxes on income, etc.

Summarizing test results is carried out on the basis of the goals and objectives for checking this section in the working documents, where the following information can be reflected:

1) whether the credit balance on account 80 corresponds to the amount of the authorized capital declared in the constituent documents;

2) whether the founders have paid their shares in full;

3) whether there was a reasonable increase or decrease in the authorized capital;

4) whether there are supporting documents for business transactions, etc.

35. AUDIT OF FORMATION OF AUTHORIZED CAPITAL

The purpose verification of the formation of the authorized capital is the formation of an opinion on the compliance of the constituent documents of the enterprise with the current legislation in terms of the correctness of the formation and change of its authorized capital.

Information sources for verification are the same as for the audit of statutory documents. Formally, these two objects are checked in parallel. To verify the correctness of the formation of the authorized capital, it is also necessary to analyze the documents confirming the rights to real estate and land plots contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital.

Verification plan and program. It is necessary to find out who the founders of the enterprise are, the size of the authorized capital and shares of each founder, the procedure for distributing the net profit of the enterprise and paying dividends. To achieve the goal of the audit of the formation of the authorized capital, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) verification of the procedure for the formation of the authorized (share) capital;

2) study of the structure of the authorized capital. The minimum amount of the authorized capital must be at least 1000 minimum wages (minimum wages) for OJSCs and at least 100 minimum wages for CJSCs and LLCs. Non-profit organizations, in accordance with the law, cannot have an authorized capital. In the form of a contribution to the authorized capital of a company, its founders can make:

1) cash (D 50, 51,52 K75);

2) non-current assets (D 01,04,07 K75);

3) securities (D 58 K75).

When checking, it is necessary to pay attention to the ratio of the authorized capital to the value of net assets. If the net assets are less than the authorized capital, then the auditors may recommend reducing the authorized capital to the value of the net assets. If at the end of the second and each subsequent reporting year the value of net assets turns out to be less than the value of the minimum authorized capital established by law, then the audit organization is not entitled to confirm the applicability of the going concern principle in relation to such an enterprise. The results of the audit are summarized on the basis of the goals and objectives of the verification of this section in working documents, where the following information can be reflected:

1) whether the credit balance on account 80 corresponds to the amount of the authorized capital declared in the constituent documents;

2) whether the founders have paid their shares in full;

3) whether there was a reasonable increase (decrease) in the authorized capital;

4) whether there are supporting documents for financial and economic transactions; whether activities are carried out without a license, etc. Serious attention should be paid to the audit of the organization of accounting and payment of dividends, as well as the correctness of the accrual and timeliness of payment of taxes and other obligatory payments on them.

Summarizing test results is carried out on the basis of the goals and objectives for checking this section in the working documents.

36. VERIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING POLICY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of checking the organization of accounting and accounting policies is to establish the compliance of accounting and accounting policies with the requirements of current legislation and to find out the specifics of the organization's activities.

Information sources

1) Order on accounting policies with all annexes: workflow schedule, methods for assessing assets and liabilities, regulations on conducting an inventory, etc.

2) Job descriptions.

3) Description of the process of computer processing of accounting information.

4) Other documents.

Normative base

1) Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ "On Accounting".

2) Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation No. 34-n dated July 29, 1998

3) PBU 1/98 "Accounting policy of the organization" No. 60n dated December 9, 1998

4) Chart of accounts for financial and economic activities of the organization and instructions for its application No. 94 dated October 31, 2000

5) Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation "Instruction on budget accounting" (for budgetary institutions) dated February 10, 2006 No. 25n.

To achieve this objective, auditors should consider the following: tasks. 1. Establish compliance of the organizational structure of accounting and the form of accounting with the conditions of organization and management of the enterprise.

2. Ensure the security of the document system and document flow system.

3. Assess the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Verification plan and program.

1. During the audit, a number of procedures are carried out to establish the organizational structure for the distribution of responsibilities and the level of qualification of accounting personnel.

2. The study of the form of organization of accounting.

3. The workflow schedule is being studied:

1) the procedure for issuing primary documents and the deadlines for submitting them to the accounting department;

2) procedure and preparation of internal reporting forms;

3) application of standard forms of primary documents;

4) justification for the use of non-standard forms of primary documents.

4. Application of the provision on accounting policies.

Summary of inspection results. The basis for the formation of the accounting policy of any organization is, first of all, the use of the norms of the Accounting Regulations PBU 1/98 “Accounting Policy of an Organization”, in which the accounting policy of an organization is understood as the set of accounting methods adopted by it:

▪ primary observation;

▪ cost measurement;

▪ current grouping and final generalization of financial and economic activities.

37. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The process of forming an accounting policy includes several stages:

1) assessment of the existing process of collecting and processing financial and accounting information;

2) development of management accounting standards;

3) development of accounting standards;

4) conjugation of managerial and accounting aspects of accounting policy;

5) interaction of accounting policy and other functions of enterprise management;

6) determining the impact of accounting policies on the indicators of the financial condition of the organization;

7) determination of the mechanism for making changes to the accounting policy.

Failure to comply with these steps leads to a distortion of the property and financial results of the enterprise and should be considered as incorrect accounting. Changes in accounting policies can be made in the event of a change in the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulatory acts on accounting, the development of new accounting methods by the enterprise, a significant change in the conditions of activity (change of owners, reorganization, change in the type of activity). Summarizing the results of studying the accounting and accounting policies of the enterprise, the auditors establish the compliance of the organization of accounting and accounting policies with the requirements of the current legislation and the specifics of the enterprise's activities.

Typical mistakes and violations:

1) incomplete disclosure of information about the methods of organizing and maintaining accounting at the enterprise;

2) lack of a scheme and schedule of workflow;

3) non-compliance of the date of approval of the accounting policy order with the requirements of the legislation.

Accounting policies and financial procedures are applied consistently from year to year from 1 January of the year following the year of approval. When auditing an accounting policy, it is important to check whether any changes were made to the accounting policy, whether the organization had the right to make these changes, whether the changes came into force on the date established by law, whether the accounting in the organization complies with the provisions enshrined in the accounting policy, whether the reporting was adjusted after the changes made to the accounting policy.

Additions to the accounting policy may be made during the year in the following cases:

1) omissions of any points during its initial approval;

2) changes in the types of activities of the enterprise;

3) the emergence of new areas of accounting.

38. VERIFICATION OF CASH TRANSACTIONS DURING AUDIT

The main purpose of the test - establishing the legality, reliability and expediency of transactions with funds, the correctness of their reflection in accounting.

Information sources:

▪ Cash book.

▪ Book of registration of incoming and outgoing cash orders.

▪ Cashier's reports with attached primary documents.

▪ Synthetic and analytical accounting registers for account 50 “Cash”.

Verification plan and program. During the audit of cash transactions, the following tasks are solved:

1) study of the actual procedure for documenting operations for the receipt and expenditure of funds;

2) keeping a cash book of accounting of cash transactions;

3) verification of compliance with cash discipline (timeliness, completeness of posting of cash and return to the bank in excess of the limit of cash balances);

4) establishment of the rule of cash settlement with legal entities;

5) the procedure for issuing accountable amounts;

6) intended use of funds received by checks;

7) application of KKM;

8) familiarization with the conditions of storage of cash, securities and other monetary documents at the cash desk of the organization.

During the audit, the following points are checked and clarified:

1) correctness of documentary registration (presence of all documents, signatures);

2) legality of cash transactions and their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents;

3) completeness, timeliness and correctness of posting of cash as a result of receipts from the bank, return of accountable amounts, receipts of proceeds and other operating income and expenses;

4) spending cash from the cash desk (legal validity of the issuance of money - the presence of orders and orders for bonuses to employees, the provision of material assistance, business trips, the issuance of funds for entertainment expenses on writ of execution);

5) validity of allocation of VAT in PKO, RKO;

6) compliance with the established limit of cash settlements between legal entities;

7) facts of payment to employees of production economic expenses without issuing advance reports;

8) facts of repeated payment according to previously executed documents;

9) facts of payments to nominees, etc.;

10) correctness of entries on account 50;

11) the organization of analytical accounting of all monetary documents stored at the enterprise (vouchers, travel tickets, etc.) is checked.

Summarizing the test results. Auditor Working Papers. Identified violations and errors are recorded in the auditor’s working document. The working document can be drawn up in the form of a table of violations indicating the characteristics of the violation, the regulatory document that was violated, as well as the auditor’s recommendations for eliminating the violation. At the final stage of the audit, a working document can be drawn up to assess the impact of violations on the financial statements.

39. VERIFICATION OF BANK ACCOUNTS DURING AUDIT

The main purpose of the test - establishing the legality, reliability and expediency of transactions with funds at the enterprise, the correctness of their reflection in accounting.

Information sources:

▪ Agreements for banking services.

▪ Bank statements for ruble and foreign currency accounts with attached primary documents.

▪ Registers of analytical and synthetic accounting for accounts 51 “Currency accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “Special accounts in banks”, 57 “Transfers in transit”.

▪ General ledger.

Test plan:

1) establish the number and composition of ruble and foreign currency accounts opened by the enterprise in banks, classify business transactions related to the movement of foreign currency;

2) find out the legality and expediency of operations on the movement of funds on these accounts;

3) determine the correctness of the reflection of banking operations in accounting;

4) assess the state of payment and settlement discipline;

5) carry out arithmetic control of the calculation of exchange rate differences and confirm the reflections on the accounting accounts.

Check program:

1) bank statements with attached documents are randomly checked;

2) the correctness of the accounting of the received funds and the completeness of their transfer, as well as the correctness of the correspondence on accounts 51, 52, 55, 57;

3) contracts (agreements) concluded by the enterprise with foreign partners on export-import operations are studied;

4) the completeness and timeliness of the transfer of the exporter's foreign exchange earnings to its foreign exchange transit accounts in authorized banks is checked;

5) when purchasing goods for import, the calculation of the purchase cost of incoming inventory items is checked, based on the terms of contracts, taking into account customs duties, transportation costs and other costs for the purchase of goods or other valuables.

Verification methods. 1. Solid.

2. Selective.

3. Survey. This refers to an oral survey of personnel, management of the client enterprise and third parties, which can be carried out at all stages of the inspection and is aimed at getting acquainted with the peculiarities of work and rest of employees, departments, finding out their level of qualifications, the composition of the work performed, the procedure for document flow, etc.

4. Testing.

5. Arithmetic recalculation. This refers to checking the arithmetic calculations of the client enterprise, which consists of checking the arithmetic accuracy of these documents and accounts through an independent selective recalculation.

Summarizing test results. Detected violations are recorded in working documents, and their quantitative impact on the financial statements is determined. The working document can be drawn up in the form of a table of violations indicating the characteristics of the violations, the regulatory document that was violated, as well as the auditor’s recommendations for eliminating the violation.

40. AUDIT OF SETTLEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTS

The main purpose of the test - observance of the current legislation and the correctness of the organization of accounting in the field of settlements with accountable persons.

The main objectives - confirmation of the initial assessment of the internal control system and accounting of settlements with accountable persons; verification of the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with accountable persons; confirmation of the accuracy of registration and reflection on the accounting accounts of settlements with accountable persons.

Information sources:

▪ primary documents for processing the receipt and issuance of cash (cash debit and receipt orders);

▪ journal of registration of expenditure and receipt cash documents;

▪ primary supporting documents for cash documents (advance report, travel certificate, checks, etc.); expense reports.

Verification plan and program. Stage I

1) Verification and study of the order to establish the circle of persons who are granted the right to receive money against a report on business and operating expenses.

2) Checking the availability of a register of employees leaving on business trips and arriving from business trips.

3) Checking the availability in the accounting policy of the terms for which money is issued under the report.

II stage

1) Checking the correctness of registration of primary accounting documents. Pay attention to supporting documents (presence of details on checks, etc.).

2) Verification of the correctness of the inventory of settlements with accountable persons.

3) Checking the correspondence of records on the issuance, use, return of accountable amounts to the data of the register on account 71.

4) Establishing the fact of the issuance of funds under the report in the presence of the balance of the unspent previous advance payment.

5) Checking the timeliness of the return of unspent accountable amounts issued for travel and operating expenses.

6) Verification of the correctness of attributing to the cost of operating and economic expenses from the accountable amounts and posting of material assets acquired through accountable persons.

7) Checking the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the acquisition of material assets.

8) Checking the validity of presenting VAT to the budget on acquired material assets, paid work and services.

9) Checking the correctness of the accounting of norms (limits of norms) for business trips.

10) Checking the accounting of currency transactions, in particular exchange rate differences.

11) Checking the correctness of settlements with persons not working in the organization.

Typical mistakes:

▪ violation of the procedure for issuing accountable amounts, violation when processing travel expenses;

▪ violation of taxation procedures;

▪ violation of the procedure for maintaining synthetic records of settlements with accountable persons.

41. AUDIT OF SETTLEMENTS WITH SUPPLIERS AND CONTRACTORS

The main purpose of the test - compliance with the legality and timeliness of debt repayment, the correctness of accounting for calculations and measures taken by the management of the organization to eliminate the causes that cause the emergence of unclaimed debts.

Information sources:

▪ statement of accounting policies;

▪ supply contracts;

▪ invoices;

▪ acts of reconciliation of settlements;

▪ protocols on the offset of mutual claims;

▪ acts of inventory of payments;

▪ copies of payment documents;

▪ purchase book;

▪ accounting registers for account 60;

▪ general ledger;

▪ financial statements.

Verification plan and program.

1. Verification of the correctness of the execution of primary documents for the acquisition of goods and materials and the receipt of services in order to confirm the validity of the occurrence of accounts payable.

2. Confirmation of the timeliness of repayment and the correct reflection of accounts payable in the accounts.

3. Evaluation of the correctness of registration and reflection in the accounting of the submitted claims.

Tasks checks on accounts 60, 76: availability and correctness of the formation of documents defining the rights and obligations of the parties; the correctness of the assessment of the received inventory items; the correctness of accounting for accounts 60 and 76; completeness of posting received values or accounting for work performed. The main document is the contract concluded between the customer and the supplier. The auditor must check that analytical accounting is kept for each supplier separately in the currency of payment and its ruble equivalent at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The exchange rate difference between the day of payment and the day the debt arises is reflected in the postings: positive - Dt60 Kt91; negative - Dt91 Kt60. At the end of the month, all unpaid invoices of suppliers in foreign currency must be recalculated into rubles and the resulting exchange difference is written off (if the foreign exchange rate is exceeded) from Dt91 Kt60. For debts with each supplier and contractor, it is necessary to determine compliance with the limitation period. In case of its omission or unreality, it shall be credited to account 91.

Typical mistakes:

1) the absence of contracts for the supply of products, primary documents or their incomplete execution;

2) incorrect correspondence of accounting accounts, incorrect determination of the taxable base for VAT and sales tax.

42. AUDIT OF SETTLEMENTS WITH BUYERS AND CUSTOMERS

Targets and goals: checking the correctness of the timely conclusion of contracts for the sale of products, goods and services, determining the procedure for paying for sales of products and analyzing the amount of sales of products on credit, the amount of prepayment under contracts, the procedure for paying taxes, compliance with tax charges and the accounting policy of the enterprise, checking calculations and accrual of VAT, etc. d.

Information sources:

▪ contracts for the supply of products;

▪ invoices;

▪ acts of reconciliation of settlements;

▪ copies of payment documents;

▪ acts of inventory of payments;

▪ accounting registers for account 62;

▪ general ledger and financial statements.

Verification plan and program. Stage I. If discrepancies are detected in the amount of tax assessments, a correct calculation is made and it is determined whether this affected the reporting figures. In addition, the moment from which the company incorrectly conducts settlements with the tax authorities is determined. All changes identified in tax accruals must be reflected in the accounting registers and in the general ledger.

II stage. Checking the correctness of accounting directly in the accounting registers, for which it is necessary:

1) to carry out the compliance of the calculated and selling prices of the accounting policy and the data of the business plan (order);

2) availability of a sales book and the correctness of its maintenance;

3) the structure of product sales (both selling prices and sales prices are checked);

4) types of subsidies for products and their amounts;

5) the amount of claims, the presentation of indicators and the procedure for their placement;

6) the amount of commercial expenses and income from the sale of products;

7) transportation costs and payment for loading and unloading operations, as well as the correctness of their registration.

Stage III - this is a check of the correctness of the reflection of primary accounting data in the registers of synthetic and analytical accounting. To do this, registers of sales of products are checked by their types, grades, selling prices and sales prices. When checking settlements with buyers, the correctness of writing off the cost of goods sold for part of the overhead costs, the amount of commercial expenses for the whole enterprise and for structural divisions, as well as types of products, is determined. For this purpose, accounting statements for closing accounts 25, 26, 44, 45 and accounting statements for closing accounts 08, 20, 23, 90, 91, 97 are checked.

IV stage. In conclusion, all identified discrepancies are classified by type of violation, the amount of losses from improper maintenance and organization of accounting is determined, and an assumption is made to improve the organization of accounting with customers, the procedure for concluding contracts, types of payment for them, the procedure for paying taxes and the procedure for drawing up regulations on the accounting policy of the enterprise.

43. AUDIT OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS AND SECURITIES

Purpose of verification - establishing the legality, reliability and expediency of the transaction with financial investments at the enterprise, the correctness of their reflection in accounting.

Information sources:

1) constituent documents;

2) extracts from the register of shareholders;

3) certificates of shares, bonds, bills and other securities;

4) contracts for the purchase and sale of securities;

5) loan agreements;

6) deposit agreements;

7) securities registration books (registries);

8) accounting registers for accounts 58, 59, 60, 62, 76, 91;

9) main book;

10) financial statements;

11) position on the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Plan and program of verification:

1) study the composition of financial investments according to primary documents and accounting registers;

2) confirm the initial assessment of the system of internal control and accounting of financial investments;

3) establish the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of operations with financial investments;

4) confirm the accuracy of the accrual, receipt and reflection in the accounting of income from operations with financial investments;

5) assess the quality of the inventory of financial investments.

Verification methods. 1. Analyze data from primary documents and find out the composition of financial investments. The organization's financial investments include: state and municipal securities; securities of other organizations (including bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations; loans provided to other organizations, etc.

2. Financial investments must be accepted for accounting at their initial valuation. For financial investments purchased for a fee the initial cost is the sum of all actual acquisition costs, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes; when contributing to authorized capital - the agreed price; upon receipt free of charge - at market value.

3. Checking acts of acceptance and transfer of bills of exchange and the securities registration book.

4. Checking business transactions that resulted in a change in the size and composition of financial investments.

5. Confirmation of the method for estimating the cost of securities used when writing them off (disposal) according to the method recorded in the accounting policy.

6. Confirmation of the correctness of the formation, use and accounting of reserves for the depreciation of securities reflected in account 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities.”

7. Confirm that records are complete and timely. When preparing reports, income and expenses on transactions with securities are shown as part of operating income and expenses in full.

8. Checking the quality of completed inventories.

Generalization of results checks can be made in the working papers of the auditor. Working papers can be drawn up in the form of tables indicating the characteristics of the violation, the normative document that is violated, as well as the auditor's recommendations.

44. VERIFICATION OF FIXED ASSETS DURING AUDIT

Purpose of the check:

1) studying the composition and structure of fixed assets, the conditions for their storage and operation;

2) confirmation of the reliability of the assessment of fixed assets in accounting;

3) verification of the correctness of registration and reflection in accounting, operations on the movement of fixed assets;

4) confirmation of the reliability of the amounts of accrued depreciation and depreciation;

5) establishing the volume of repairs performed on fixed assets and confirming the correctness of the results in accounting;

6) assessment of the quality of the inventory of fixed assets carried out before drawing up the annual report;

7) confirmation of the results of the revaluation, if any.

Information sources:

1) contracts for the sale of fixed assets;

2) acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets;

3) acts on the write-off of fixed assets and other forms of primary documents for the accounting of fixed assets;

4) registers of synthetic and analytical accounting of fixed assets;

5) main book;

6) accounting policy statement.

Verification plan and program. Stage I. The auditor must study the composition and structure of fixed assets according to the analytical accounting registers. In the process of studying, the correctness of classifying objects as fixed assets, their classification, as well as the formation of inventory objects of fixed assets is established. To do this, the auditor finds out whether the requirements of PBU 6/01 were observed when accepting objects for accounting:

1) the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for the provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

2) the object is intended for use for a long time, i.e. a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

3) the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;

4) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

II stage. The auditor needs to obtain information about the conditions of storage and operation of the object, their safety (the existence of agreements on liability), assignment of objects to a specific unit, the availability of inventory numbers and technical documentation.

Check methods: continuous or selective check; survey of employees of the organization, accounting; testing.

Summarizing the test results. Auditor Working Papers. Identified violations and errors are recorded in the auditor’s working documents. The working document can be drawn up in the form of a table indicating the nature of the violation, the regulatory document that was violated, as well as the auditor’s recommendations for eliminating the violations. The working documents must indicate: a brief description of the violation; calculation of the quantitative impact of the violation on financial results; the name of the indicator that is changing and the adjusted value of the indicator.

45. VERIFICATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS DURING AUDIT

Goal verification of transactions with intangible assets (IA) - to form an opinion on the correctness of their classification, the reality of the assessment and the reliability of reflection in accounting and reporting. To achieve the objectives of the audit of transactions with intangible assets, the auditor must decide a number of tasks:

1) to study the composition and structure of intangible assets;

2) confirm ownership of them;

3) confirm the initial assessment of internal control systems and accounting operations;

4) establish the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of operations with intangible assets;

5) confirm the accuracy of the reflection in the accounting of operations on intangible assets;

6) assess the quality of the inventory of intangible assets.

Information sources:

1) purchase and sale agreements (creation of intangible assets);

2) copyright agreements;

3) acts of acceptance and transfer of intangible assets;

4) certificates for the right to use;

5) minutes of meetings of the founders on the introduction of objects of intangible assets into the authorized capital and the coordination of their value;

6) accounting cards of intangible assets;

7) registers of synthetic and analytical accounting;

8) accounting policies.

Verification plan and program. At the beginning of the audit of transactions with intangible assets, the auditor must make sure that the objects reflected in the intangible assets actually are such, based on the requirements of PBU 14. To do this, it is necessary to study the primary documents and accounting registers and compare them with the list of intangible assets in accordance with PBU 14. Those objects which were introduced before PBU 14 remain part of the intangible assets. It should be borne in mind that PBU 14 applies only to commercial organizations. Next, it is necessary to study the correctness of the assessment of intangible assets and the reflection of operations on their movement in the accounting accounts. The acquisition and disposal of intangible assets is carried out in a manner similar to the acquisition and write-off of fixed assets - the receipt is reflected in account 08, and after the initial cost is formed, account 04 is debited, and disposal is carried out using account 91. Next, the compliance of the depreciation calculation procedure with the methods and methods reflected in the accounting policies. PBU 14 makes it possible to depreciate in two ways: through account 04 and through account 05. At the final stage, you can check the compliance of the synthetic and analytical accounting data for intangible assets with the entries in the general ledger and balance sheet.

Check methods:

1) continuous check (main registers of synthetic accounting of intangible assets);

2) selective check (primary documents);

3) interview;

4) testing;

5) arithmetic calculation.

Typical mistakes:

1) lack of primary receipt documents or their execution in violation of established requirements;

2) incorrect attribution of certain types of expenses to intangible assets;

3) incorrect depreciation of intangible assets.

Generalization of results carried out in the form of working documents, such as the "Table of identified violations"; "Assessment of the impact of identified violations on the performance of financial statements".

46. AUDIT OF OPERATIONS WITH COMMODITY AND MATERIAL VALUABLES

Goal checks - to form an opinion on the correctness of the classification of inventories, the reality of their assessment and the reliability of reflection in accounting and reporting.

Information sources:

1) supply contracts;

2) invoices;

3) invoices, purchase books;

4) power of attorney to receive goods and materials;

5) acts on the acceptance of materials;

6) inventory lists of goods and materials;

7) liability agreements;

8) statements of synthetic and analytical accounting for accounts 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 60, 91, etc.;

9) main book;

10) accounting policies.

In the process of conducting an audit of inventories, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) study the composition of the MPZ;

2) familiarize yourself with the conditions of their storage;

3) confirm the initial assessment of internal control and inventory accounting;

4) to confirm the correctness of the assessment of reserves and the reflection of operations for their receipt and use in accounting;

5) to assess the quality of the conducted inventories of the MPZ.

Verification plan and program. The auditor needs to check that the assessment of inventories was carried out in accordance with the requirements of PBU 5/01, depending on the type of receipt: acquisition for a fee from legal entities or individuals; under a barter agreement; free receipt; receipt as a contribution to the authorized capital. It is also necessary to check the compliance of the principle of assessment upon disposal of inventories, embedded in the accounting policy of the organization, with the actual state of affairs. The principle of assessment by homogeneous groups of inventories should be used for any method of disposal: use in the production and management process; external sales; gratuitous transfer; contribution to the authorized capital. Testing is usually carried out using a random method. Correct organization of warehouse accounting (availability of inventory cards). Is there an order establishing the circle of persons who have the right to demand materials and authorize their release from the warehouse (samples of these signatures should be in the warehouse). Has the organization developed a price tag nomenclature, if the accounting policy order specifies the accounting method using accounts 15 and 16? The availability of orders for the appointment of materially responsible persons and the conclusion of agreements with them on full financial responsibility are checked. The correctness of the applied correspondence schemes for invoices for incoming and outgoing inventories. VAT refunds on inventories are subject to mandatory control. The correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the value of missing (excess) values identified during the inventory, the peculiarities of documentation and the reflection in the accounting of transactions for the receipt and disposal of goods and packaging.

Check methods: solid; selective; interview; testing; arithmetic conversion.

Summarizing test results can be carried out in such working documents as tables of identified violations for homogeneous groups of business transactions. An assessment of the impact of identified violations on the readings of financial statements is also documented.

47. VERIFICATION OF PAYMENT CALCULATIONS

Purpose: verification of compliance with the current labor legislation, the correctness of payroll and deductions from it; documenting and recording all types of settlements between the enterprise and its employees; determination of the validity and correctness of the calculation of basic and additional wages, various additional payments and deductions.

Information sources:

1) the staffing table;

2) company regulations;

3) orders, orders;

4) contracts;

5) contracts of a civil legal nature;

6) personal insurance contracts;

7) loan agreements;

8) time sheet;

9) outfits;

10) sheets of temporary disability;

11) tariff rates (or contract terms);

12) norms and prices introduced at the enterprise;

13) accrual of additional payments for types of irregular work;

14) amounts of deposited wages;

15) writ of execution;

16) payroll;

17) personal accounts and tax cards of employees;

18) advance reports with primary documents attached to them;

19) acts of inventory of property;

20) accounting registers for accounts 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 91, 94;

21) main book;

22) financial statements;

23) position on the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Particular attention should be paid to compliance with labor legislation on the procedure for granting and calculating holidays (Chapter 19 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), on working hours and wages, including for overtime work, part-time work (Chapters 15, 21 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), as well as on the procedure payment on weekends and holidays (Chapter 18 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Particular attention should be paid to the internal local acts of the enterprise in terms of providing guarantees and compensation to employees of the enterprise (section 7 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Plan and program of verification:

▪ confirmation of the initial assessment of internal control and accounting systems for settlements with personnel (based on testing);

▪ confirmation of the reliability of accruals and payments to employees on all grounds and their reflection in accounting;

▪ establishing the legality and completeness of deductions from wages;

▪ checking the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with personnel regarding wages;

▪ checking the correctness of registration and recording of settlements with personnel for other transactions. During the audit, it is necessary to selectively check: the correctness of assignment to the payroll; the correctness of attributing individual payments to expenses taken into account and not taken into account for the purpose of calculating income tax; comparability of payments that are not subject to personal income tax and unified social tax at an enterprise with the corresponding articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (217, 238, 270); the correctness of calculation of material benefits in the presence of loans issued to employees (taking into account the requirements of Chapter 23.).

48. VERIFICATION OF DOCUMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS

Purpose: monitoring compliance with regulations relating to labor legislation, the correctness of payroll and deductions from it; documenting and recording all types of settlements between the organization and the employee; determination of the validity and correctness of the calculation of basic and additional wages, various additional payments and deductions.

Information sources:

1) documents on enrollment, dismissal and transfer of employees;

2) orders, orders, contracts;

3) civil law contracts;

4) personal insurance contracts;

5) loan agreements;

6) timesheets;

7) outfits;

8) sheets of temporary disability.

Normative base. The main document of labor legislation is the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (LC RF), which came into force on February 1, 2002. Article 56 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation considers the concept and parties to an employment contract. The essential terms of the contract are: place of work, start date of work, name of position, specialty, profession indicating qualifications in accordance with the staffing table, etc. Article 59 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation stipulates cases of concluding a fixed-term contract: replacing a temporarily absent employee, carrying out urgent work , work in small business organizations, work abroad, work of creative workers, with managers, deputy managers, chief accountants of organizations of all forms of ownership. Other cases of termination of an employment contract are provided for in Chapter 13 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Article 40 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation discusses the procedure for concluding collective agreements, which should regulate social and labor relations in the organization, concluded by employees and employers represented by their representatives.

Verification plan and program.

1. Checking the application of standard forms of documents for personnel records:

1) personal cards for employees;

2) orders (instructions) on granting leave, on transfer to another job, on termination of the employment contract (contract).

2. Establishing the maintenance of work books for employees.

3. Checking the compliance of the applied salaries and categories of workers established in the staffing table.

4. Checking the maintenance in the shops (departments) of the time sheet.

First of all, it is advisable to control how compliance with labor legislation is carried out. The auditor can check how employees are registered during hiring and dismissal, accounting for employees' working hours, building a wage system, etc.

Generalization of test results. Working Papers of the Auditor are tables to reflect spot checks on accruals and deductions. When checking, it is necessary to establish the causes of deviations, give recommendations on eliminating the identified deviations, and recommend the use of unified forms of documents.

49. VERIFICATION OF PAYMENT CALCULATIONS WITH STAFF AND FREESTATE PERSONNEL

Purpose of the check:

1) compliance with applicable labor laws;

2) the correctness of payroll, personal income tax deductions and UST accrual;

3) documenting and accounting for all types of settlements between the enterprise and its employees;

4) determination of the validity and correctness of the calculation of basic and additional wages, various additional payments and deductions;

5) the correctness of accounting for payroll calculations both for individuals and for the enterprise as a whole.

Information sources:

1) company regulations;

2) orders, orders;

3) the staffing table;

4) contracts;

5) contracts of a civil legal nature;

6) personal insurance contracts, etc.

Verification plan and program. Initially, the auditor needs to find out the state of the regulatory framework and accounting on relevant issues, get acquainted with the staffing table, orders of the organization’s directorate on the enrollment of employees in positions with the assignment of salaries (for a sample), concluded employment contracts, provisions on remuneration and bonuses, the state of timesheets, registration payroll and payroll statements, employment agreements, work contracts and other documents related to remuneration. When checking payroll settlements with personnel, the auditor must establish: what forms and systems of remuneration are used in this organization (time-based, piece-rate, piece-rate); list and average composition of employees; who keeps records of settlements with personnel regarding wages, what regulatory documents the accountant uses, to whom he reports, who checks the quality of his work.

It is necessary to check the authenticity of primary documents, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents for the calculation and payment of wages, the presence of signatures of officials responsible for accounting for the work performed, whether there are any unspecified corrections and erasures in the documents. Particular attention is required to check the timeliness of repayment of the amounts of advances and overpayments previously issued to the employee, the correctness of deductions from wages for accountable amounts and compensation for material damage, as well as for loans received, etc. The total amount of all deductions from the employee’s wages should not exceed 50% monthly salary. When checking, it is necessary to find out the correctness of deductions from personal income tax wages, alimony, as well as the validity of settlements with depositors. Check the applications of employees for the provision of standard tax deductions when calculating personal income tax.

Generalization of test results. Working Papers of the Auditor are tables to reflect spot checks on accruals and deductions. When checking, it is necessary to establish the causes of deviations, to give recommendations for eliminating the identified deviations. Recommend the organization the optimal staffing.

50. AUDIT OF PRODUCTION COSTS AND HANDLING. COST CALCULATION

Purpose of verification production costs is to establish compliance with the accounting methodology used in the organization, which is in force in the audited period, with regulatory documents in order to form an opinion on the reliability of financial statements in all material aspects.

Tasks production cost audit:

1) assessment of the validity of the applied option for generating information on the organization's expenses for ordinary activities, the cost accounting method, the option of consolidated cost accounting, the method of distribution of general business and general production costs;

2) confirmation of the initial assessment of accounting and internal control systems;

3) confirmation of the accuracy of registration and reflection in the accounting of direct (indirect) costs, etc.

Information sources:

1) balance sheet (form No. 1);

2) income statement (Form No. 2);

3) general ledger or balance sheet;

4) position on the accounting policy of the organization;

5) accounting registers for accounts 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 96, 97, etc.

Sequence of work It is divided into three stages - introductory, main and final.

Accounting methods. Normative method accounting is used, as a rule, in manufacturing industries with mass and serial production of various and complex products. In this case, certain types of production costs are accounted for at current rates; operational accounting of deviations of actual costs from the norms is kept separately, indicating the place of their occurrence, causes and perpetrators; changes in current standards are recorded as a result of the introduction of organizational and technical measures, and the impact of these changes on the cost of production is determined. As a result, the actual cost of production (Zf) is calculated by the formula:

Zf = Zn + O + I, where Zn - costs according to current standards; O - the magnitude of deviations from them; And change the rules. At custom method the object of accounting and costing is a separate production order. Accounting for direct costs for individual orders is carried out on the basis of primary documents reflecting the production, consumption of materials, etc., with the obligatory indication of the corresponding order code. All costs are considered work in progress until the end of the order.

Transverse method cost accounting and calculation of the cost of production is used in industries with the integrated use of raw materials, as well as in industries of mass and large-scale production. There are non-semi-finished and semi-finished versions of the alternate method. In the first case, cost accounting is carried out for each redistribution. In accounting documents, the movement of semi-finished products is not reflected, their movement is controlled according to the operational accounting of the movement of semi-finished products in physical terms, which is maintained in the shops. In the second case, the movement of semi-finished products from shop to shop is recorded in accounting records and the cost of semi-finished products is calculated after each redistribution.

51. AUDIT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND USE OF PROFIT: GOALS, OBJECTIVES, VERIFICATION PLAN

Purpose of verification - determination of the compliance of the methodology used by enterprises for accounting for operations on the formation and use of financial results with regulatory documents.

Tasks:

1) confirm the compliance of the accounting operations executed by the enterprise with the current legislation;

2) assess the compliance of financial statements with the data of synthetic and analytical accounting of the components of the final financial result;

3) check the completeness and timeliness of the reflection, as well as the documentation of operations for the formation of the financial result of the enterprise.

Information sources:

1) synthetic and analytical accounting data;

2) main book;

3) balance sheet (form No. 1);

4) report on financial results (form No. 2);

5) planning and economic documentation;

6) decisions of the owner to cover the losses of enterprises;

7) internal administrative documents of the enterprise;

8) documents and calculations regarding the organization of contractual relations.

Verification plan and program. The plan should provide for the method of conducting the audit - continuous or selective. In the second case, it is necessary to establish the order of the audit sampling. At the planning stage, the auditor develops a general plan. An audit work program is then developed for the audit of financial performance and utilization. First, you should check the correctness of the formation of the final financial result at all its stages and the compliance of the accounting data, including Form No. 2, with the synthetic accounting data.

Further, it is recommended to evaluate the correctness of the formation of general ledger data in order to identify possible errors and atypical accounting entries. Checking the identity of indicators of uncovered loss (retained earnings) contained in the general ledger and the corresponding synthetic accounting register is carried out by comparing balances and turnovers on accounts and sub-accounts of the general ledger (accounts 99 and 84) with similar indicators of the synthetic accounting register, as well as reporting data - balance (form No. 1) and form No. 2. To establish the reliability of the arithmetic sum of the financial result of the enterprise (in form No. 2) at the initial stage of the audit, you can also use balance control methods.

The audit should confirm that: sales transactions are properly authorized; all actually completed sales transactions are reflected on the accounting accounts; the sale is reflected in the relevant accounts in a timely manner; the valuation of sales transactions is correctly determined; the sales amounts are correctly classified; the amounts of receivables for settlements for the supply of products are correctly reflected in the relevant accounts.

52. AUDIT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND USE OF PROFIT: VERIFICATION METHODOLOGY

Methodology for checking capital and reserves. The check begins with a calculation authorized capital and settlement with the founders. Account balance 80 must correspond to the size of the authorized capital, fixed in the statutory documents. Checking all entries for the year on the account 80. Any change must be recorded in the statutory documents. The authorized capital may be reduced by decision of the meeting of shareholders and founders. An increase in the authorized capital can occur not only through contributions from the founders, but also through other sources.

When checking the formation of the authorized capital at the expense of the founders' own funds, the contributions of the founders and their assessment should be checked. The contributions of the founders must be evaluated by special certificates or valuation acts of audit firms, valuation companies or real estate valuation departments. In addition to the formation, changes in the authorized capital, settlements with the founders on the payment of dividends to them are also checked.

Next, the correctness of the transactions is checked and their reflection in the accounting registers for the accounts. 81, 82 и 83. Check 81 summarizes information on the cash flow of own shares. Shares may be resold or canceled in the course of the organizational and production activities of the JSC. When checking, attention should be paid to the correctness of the compilation of registers of shareholders, the correctness of registration of an additional issue, as well as the cancellation of shares and the correctness of drawing up applications to the real estate control committee or a special commission, which is the authorizing body for issuing an additional issue and registers it. The adjustment in accordance with the change in the register of shareholders of the statutory documents and the decision of the meeting of shareholders are immediately checked. When checking the formation reserve capital constituent documents are checked, which stipulate the procedure for creating reserve capital and the procedure for deducting annual payments.

Checked account next 83 "Extra capital". When checking this account, special attention is paid to the order of its formation when organized by the enterprise. On account 83 the increase in the value of non-current capital is reflected, as well as the amount of the difference between the nominal value of shares and the amount received from the sale of these shares, as well as the cost of revaluation, both increasing and decreasing. The write-off of additional capital for an increase in the authorized capital or the repayment of settlements with the founders by reducing the amount of additional capital is reflected.

53. AUDIT OF THE STATE OF BALANCE ACCOUNTING

The purpose auditing the status of off-balance accounting is to confirm the reliability and timeliness of the reflection of operations on off-balance accounts.

Sources of information when conducting an audit, there are lease agreements, commissions, provision of services for the processing of materials, as well as orders for the enterprise to write off at a loss receivables for which the limitation period has expired or there are documents confirming the impossibility of recovering amounts from the debtor.

Verification plan and program. During the audit, all operations related to receipts and debits from off-balance sheet accounts (which are intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of values temporarily at the disposal of the organization), the fulfillment of contingent rights and obligations, and also control over individual economic operations. Accounting for objects is maintained in a simple system (i.e., the double-entry rule does not apply).

Checking the accounting of leased fixed assets. Account 001 "Leased fixed assets". When checking the accounting of leased fixed assets, it is necessary to confirm the accuracy of the reflection of transactions on account 001.

Checking the accounting of inventory items accepted for safekeeping, for processing, and goods for consignment. When checking the accounting of inventory items accepted for safekeeping, for processing, and goods on commission, it is necessary to confirm the accuracy of the reflection of transactions on accounts 002, 003, 004.

Checking other off-balance sheet accounting items. Other off-balance sheet accounting items include: equipment accepted for installation; strict reporting forms; debts of insolvent debtors written off at a loss; security for obligations and payments received; security for obligations and payments issued; depreciation of fixed assets; fixed assets leased. Information about these accounting objects is reflected in accounts 005, 006, 007, 008, 009, 010, 011, respectively.

Typical mistake is the lack of off-balance sheet accounting.

Summarizing the test results. Auditor Working Papers. Identified violations and errors are recorded in the auditor’s working document. The working document can be drawn up in the form of a table of violations indicating the characteristics of the violation, the regulatory document that was violated, as well as the auditor’s recommendations for eliminating the violation. At the final stage, you can draw up a working document “Assessing the impact of identified violations on financial reporting indicators.” The working document must indicate:

1) a brief description of the violation;

2) calculations of the quantitative impact of the violation on the change in the indicator;

3) the name of the indicator that is being changed;

4) the adjusted value of the indicator.

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