History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the era of the Great Patriotic War. Education and science (most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the era of the Great Patriotic War. Education and science (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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50. General characteristics of the era of the Great Patriotic War. Education and science

The conditions in which culture developed during the Great Patriotic War were very difficult. The patriotic beginning in art was very strong. Many cultural figures carried out an important mission during the war years: their works created a favorable background in the allied countries for supporting the USSR in the fight against fascism.

A necessary condition for the successful development of the national economy of the country was the continuous training of new personnel in universities and technical schools. In 1941, admission to universities was halved, and their number decreased, the number of students decreased by 3,5 times, and the terms of study were reduced to 3 years.

The war changed the peaceful orientation of scientific work. On June 23, 1941, at an emergency meeting, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences called on scientists to mobilize all forces to fight the Nazi invaders.

The research topics were focused on the following areas:

1) development of military-technical problems;

2) scientific assistance to industry;

3) mobilization of raw materials.

Bauxite deposits in the Southern Urals, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, manganese deposits in Kazakhstan, large oil reserves in Tataria were discovered and developed in the shortest possible time.

Major problems were solved by medical scientists. But many remarkable scientists continued to languish in the prisons and camps of the Gulag. During the war years, N. I. Vavilov, P. A. Florensky and others died there.

Since 1943, a laboratory under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov began operating in Moscow, which began development of uranium fission. And by the end of the war, S.P. Korolev and Yu.B. Khariton, released from the camp, began laying the foundations for the development of rocket technology.

Physicists A.F. Ioffe, S.I. Vavilov, P.L. Kapitsa, chemists N.D. Zelinsky, A.E. Favorsky actively worked for the defense. The scientist A.P. Alexandrov successfully solved the problem of mine protection of ships.

About half of all types of small arms and the overwhelming number of new types of artillery systems that were in service with the active army in 1945 were created and launched in series during the war. Thanks to the efforts of Soviet tank builders, especially the workers and engineers of the Ural "Tankograd", the enemy's advantage in armored vehicles was relatively quickly overcome. By 1943, the saturation of the Soviet Armed Forces with tanks and self-propelled artillery began to increase.

Since the second half of 1942, the production of aircraft and aircraft engines has been steadily increasing. The Il-2 attack aircraft became the most massive aircraft of the Soviet Air Force.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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