History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theater (most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theater (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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15. General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theatre

In the XNUMXth century, the Great Migration of Nations began - the invasion of tribes from Northern Europe and Asia into the territory of the Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire fell; its other part - Byzantium - was to exist for some more time. The Middle Ages has come - a historical era following the Ancient World and preceding the Renaissance.

The origins of medieval culture largely originate in the era of antiquity. In addition to Christianity, the Middle Ages adopted from antiquity some artistic forms, as well as handicraft skills.

In the VII-VIII centuries. there were schools at the monasteries, where the teachers were monks, and the students, who were very few, were the children of knights. Here they taught theology and the "seven free arts", as well as writing and counting. Universities arose from these schools (from the word "universum" - "community"):

1) in Bologna (Italy, 1088);

2) Cordoba (Spain, IX);

3) Oxford (1209);

4) Sorbonne in Paris (1215);

5) Vienna (1348), etc.

The science of the Middle Ages was discovered by theologians of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. - the so-called "fathers of the church":

1) Augustine the Blessed;

2) Ambrose;

3) Philosopher Boethius;

4) Historians Jordan and Bede Venerable.

In the XII-XIII centuries. science continues to evolve. Scholasticism becomes its basis - a doctrine in which reality was comprehended with the help of the logic of reason. At the same time, the scholastics were often carried away by the verbal form, behind which the content was poorly guessed, that is, they wrote and spoke in a heavy, incomprehensible language.

An outstanding scientist of the Middle Ages was Thomas Aquinas (1225-1247), teacher, author of 18 works on theology and philosophy.

Another famous scientist was Roger Bacon (1214 - 1294) - Naturalist, teacher of mathematics and philosophy.

Barbarians worshiped the forces of nature, magical rites played a huge role in their lives. With the emergence and development of states in Europe, the core of human life and worldview becomes the Christian religion. The whole life is considered only as a short segment, full of dangers for the human soul. The ideal becomes a life without frills and vicious joys, sincere faith in God, observance of rituals, as well as such qualities as humility, patience, virtue, faith, hope, etc.

If the treatises of the early Middle Ages were not addressed to specific segments of the population, then the literature of the Middle Ages was class-based.

The number of entertainment and educational activities has increased dramatically. Preachers spoke before the cathedrals, professors and students held discussions.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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