History of world and domestic culture. The culture of Veliky Novgorod and the Moscow Principality in the era of fragmentation (the most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. The culture of Veliky Novgorod and the Moscow Principality in the era of fragmentation (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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27. Culture of Veliky Novgorod and the Moscow principality in the era of fragmentation

For several centuries, Novgorod the Great was the "second capital" of Russia after Kyiv. This city was famous for its population and wealth. The princes of Kyiv "placed" their eldest sons on the throne of Novgorod.

In Novgorod, an original version of an Orthodox church is presented, and although it is less connected with the embodiment of Byzantine architectural consciousness than in Kyiv, in expressiveness and brevity it is akin to the nature of northern nature.

In the second half of the XIII century. in Novgorod, stone construction came to a standstill. The city escaped the Mongol-Tatar invasion, but was forced to repel the onslaught of the Germans and Swedes. Tver and Novgorod were the first to resume the tradition of stone construction. Already in 1292, Novgorodians began to build the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna, and in the 1360th century, a number of temples were created on Novgorod land, which are now considered remarkable creations of ancient Russian architecture. Among them are the churches of Fyodor Stratilat on the Brook (1374) and the Church of the Savior on Ilyina Street (XNUMX).

In Moscow, which led the process of unification of Russian lands, the most active construction was carried out. In the center of the Kremlin, on Cathedral Square, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower appeared (completed under Boris Godunov).

Information about the first stone church in Moscow is contradictory. The chronicle calls the Assumption Cathedral, built in 1327 under Prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita. The construction of the new Assumption Cathedral on the site of the old building was carried out without delay, and two years later the walls of the temple were almost ready. But on the night of May 20, 1474, the northern wall of the building brought to the vaults suddenly collapsed.

On the advice of Sophia Palaiologos, his second wife, who lived for many years in Rome, the Grand Duke settled on Aristotle Fioravanti of Boshi. Four years later (1479) the construction was completed.

Fioravanti managed to organically combine the traditions and principles of Russian architecture with the advanced technical achievements of European architecture. The five-domed Assumption Cathedral was the largest public building of that time. In 1484-1489. Pskov craftsmen erected the Cathedral of the Annunciation - the house church of the Moscow sovereigns. Not far from it was built the tomb of the Moscow Grand Dukes - the Archangel Cathedral. At the end of the XV century. The Faceted Chamber was built, which got its name from the "facets" that adorned the outer walls. The Faceted Chamber was part of the royal palace, its throne room. The Moscow Kremlin has become a kind of symbol of the power and strength of the state that has developed around Moscow.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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