History of world and domestic culture. Creation of a special style of temple construction and painting of the XIV-XV centuries. eras of fragmentation (most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. Creation of a special style of temple construction and painting of the XIV-XV centuries. eras of fragmentation (most important)

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28. Creation of a special style of temple construction and painting of the XIV-XV centuries. era of fragmentation

In the second half of the XIII - the middle of the XIV century. Novgorod masters created a special style of temple construction. The small size of churches was dictated by the fact that funds from the citywide treasury were no longer used for church buildings. Parishioners collected money for the construction, taking into account their own interests and opportunities.

Customers from among the rich townspeople sought to ensure that their church was distinguished by the elegance of forms and original decor. The facades of temple buildings began to be covered with small figured niches, recesses in the form of rosettes, and crosses made of hewn brick. The drums of the domes were surrounded by rows of coquettish arches and triangles. The three-lobed covering, emphasized by a decorative arch, eventually turned into a favorite technique of Novgorod architects and became in the XIV-XV centuries. a true architectural symbol of the Novgorod style of temple construction.

Novgorod architects of the post-Mongol era switched to other building materials: church buildings were laid out mainly from roughly hewn limestone slabs and boulders.

In Novgorod the Great, in addition to church architecture, secular architecture developed. The stone Chamber of Facets was erected, in which noble boyars gathered for advice.

The Novgorod school of painting developed later than the schools of other principalities. Its characteristic features were the clarity of the idea, the reality of the image, and accessibility.

Painting of the XIV-XV centuries. rose to a new, higher stage of its development. In Novgorod during the painting of the Volotov Church, and later in Moscow at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century. artist Feofan the Greek worked. He worked together with Simeon Cherny on the design of the Moscow Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, and also participated in the design of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. The largest Russian artist of the late XIV - early XV centuries. was Andrei Rublev. Together with Theophan the Greek and the painter Prokhor from Gorodets, he painted the Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The famous work "Trinity" belongs to his pen. Rublev's work is characterized by a departure from the church canons of painting; his works amaze with their emotionality, depth and truthfulness in their depiction of people. Great development in the XIV-XV centuries. Russian applied art reached. Outstanding examples of jewelry, wood and stone carvings, wooden sculpture, and silk embroidery have been preserved. The rise of Russian culture reflected the development of the Great Russian people.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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