History of world and domestic culture. Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages (the most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages (the most important)

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16. Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages

Roman painting served as a model for miniaturists. The author of a medieval miniature is not just an illustrator, he is a talented storyteller who managed to convey both the legend and its symbolic meaning in one scene.

"Carolingian Renaissance" (from the French "revival") - this is how the researchers called the art of this era. In the era of the Carolingians, the art of miniature - book illustration - reached an extraordinary flowering. There were no miniature schools, but there were centers for the production of illustrated manuscripts at monasteries (for example, a book-writing workshop in Aachen).

Carolingian temples outside were decorated very modestly, but inside they shone with wall paintings - frescoes. Many researchers have noted the great importance of fine arts in a barbaric world where most people could not read.

The murals of the Romanesque period have practically not been preserved. They were edifying; the movements, gestures and faces of the characters were expressive, the images were flat.

After its emergence in the V-VIII centuries. states of the Germanic tribes, they converted to Christianity. Stone Christian churches began to be built. Churches were built on the model of Roman basilicas. The temple, which had the shape of a cross in its plan, symbolized the way of the cross of Christ - the path of suffering. From x century the architects gradually changed the design of the temple - it had to meet the requirements of the increasingly complex cult. In the architecture of Germany at that time, a special type of church emerged - majestic and massive. This is the cathedral in Speyer (1030-1092 / 1106), one of the largest in Western Europe.

The name "Gothic art" (from the word "Gothic", after the name of the Germanic tribe of the Goths) arose in the Renaissance. Gothic cathedrals differed significantly from the monastic churches of the Romanesque period. The Gothic cathedral is directed upwards: they began to use a new design of vaults here (the vault rests on arches, and those on pillars). The lateral pressure of the vault is transmitted to flying buttresses (outer semi-arches) and buttresses (outer supports of the building). The walls ceased to serve as a support for the vault, which made it possible to make many windows, arches, galleries in them, stained-glass windows appeared - images made up of colored glasses fastened together.

Sculpture also developed in the Middle Ages. On Frankish reliefs of the 7th-8th centuries. Christian martyrs are depicted. From x century The first images of Christ, the Mother of God, and saints appear. During the Romanesque period in Germany, sculpture was usually placed inside churches. It began to appear on facades only at the end of the 12th century.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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