Table of contents (expand)
- General characteristics of the period. The emergence of art. Mythology
- Fine arts and the emergence of writing in the primitive era. Development of thinking, accumulation of knowledge
- Features of Chinese culture
- Theatre, music, dance, cinema, painting, architecture and arts and crafts in Chinese culture
- Features of Indian culture. Literature. The science. Religion. Music. Dance. Theater. Movie
- Periodization and general characteristics of the culture of ancient Egypt. Religion. Education and science. Literature
- Music, painting, architecture and sculpture of ancient Egypt
- Features of ancient culture. Religion. Theatre. Music
- Enlightenment, science and literature of ancient culture
- Painting, architecture, sculpture and vase painting of ancient culture
- Features of Japanese culture. Literature. Religion
- Theater, painting, architecture, sculpture and arts and crafts of Japanese culture
- Features of the culture of the Arab countries. Religion. Islam. Life and customs of Muslims. Sharia
- Science, literature, fine arts, calligraphy and architecture of the Arab countries
- General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theater
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages
- Features of the culture of the Renaissance. Science, literature and social thought
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Renaissance. Major painters of the Northern Renaissance
- Features of the culture of modern times. Science and technology. Spiritual life of man
- Literature, Social thought, music, fashion, painting, architecture and sculpture of the modern era
- General characteristics of the culture of the twentieth century. Education and science. Museums. Movie
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the XNUMXth century
- Culture of Ancient Russia. The culture of the pagan period. Life of Russia
- Achievements of the Christian culture of Russia
- The genre of the chronicle in the culture of Ancient Russia. Construction of churches. church art
- General features of the culture of the era of fragmentation. Culture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus
- Culture of Veliky Novgorod and the Moscow principality in the era of fragmentation
- Creation of a special style of temple construction and painting of the XIV-XV centuries. era of fragmentation
- General characteristics of the culture of Russia in the XVI century. Life and social thought
- Science and literacy in Russia in the XNUMXth century. The emergence of printing in Russia
- Painting and architecture in Russia in the XNUMXth century
- General trends in Russian culture of the XNUMXth century. Literature, education, science, painting of the XNUMXth century
- Russian architecture of the XNUMXth century. Rise of civil architecture
- General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science
- Literature and theatre. Life of the Russian people
- Painting and architecture 1700-1725
- General characteristics of the culture of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign. Education and science
- Literature and social thought, theater and painting of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign
- Architecture and sculpture of the era of "palace revolutions" and Catherine's reign
- General characteristics of the Golden Age of Russian culture (first half). Development of education, literature and science
- Theater and painting of the Golden Age of Russian culture (first half)
- Architecture and Sculpture of the Golden Age of Russian Culture (first half)
- General characteristics of the culture of the Golden Age (second half). Education and science
- Literature and social thought, museums, theater, music of the Golden Age of Russian culture (second half)
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Golden Age of Russian culture (second half)
- General characteristics of the culture of the Silver Age. Education and science. Literature. Theater. Cinema
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Silver Age
- General characteristics of the culture of the 20-30s. XNUMXth century Education and science. Sport. Literature. Public life. Cinema. Theater
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the 20-30s. XNUMXth century
- General characteristics of the era of the Great Patriotic War. Education and science
- Literature, music, theater, painting and architecture of the era of the Great Patriotic War
- Features of Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s Education and science
- Standard of living. Literature, social thought of the Soviet era 1950-1980s
- Painting, architecture and sculpture in Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s
- General characteristics of the Culture of Russia 1991-2003. Education and science
- Literature, cinema, theater, media, painting, architecture and sculpture in Russia 1991-2003
43. General characteristics of the culture of the Golden Age (second half). Education and science
Second half of the XNUMXth century - the time of the final approval and consolidation of national forms and traditions in Russian art. The "Russian theme" became popular in art. Achievements of foreign art resonated in Russia. In turn, Russian culture, primarily literature and music, received worldwide recognition. Russian culture has taken a place of honor in the family of European cultures.
The existing system of public education did not satisfy the social and economic development of the country. On the issue of secondary education, there was a long discussion between supporters of the real and the classical schools. "Regulations on primary public schools" of June 14, 1864 introduced, in addition to state, zemstvo and Sunday schools. The charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums, approved on November 19, 1864, divided secondary educational institutions - gymnasiums - into classical and real ones with a 7-year term of study. On June 18, 1863, a new charter for the universities was approved. University self-government was restored. After 1881, changes again took place in the field of education. And the infamous circular of the Ministry of Public Education of June 5, 1887 ("on cook's children") introduced a restriction on admission to the gymnasium.
Second half of the XNUMXth century became a period of new outstanding discoveries of Russian science.
I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) laid the foundations of national physiology.
I. I. Mechnikov (1845-1916) founded the School of Microbiology and Comparative Pathology.
K. A. Timiryazev (1843-1920)By studying the process of photosynthesis, he laid the foundation for the Russian school of plant physiology.
60-70s 1869th century called the golden age of Russian chemistry. The greatest discovery of this time was the periodic law of chemical elements (XNUMX), discovered by D. I. Mendeleev (1834-1907) and recorded in the form of a table. Developed a fundamental theory of chemical structure A. M. Butlerov (1828-1886).
Discoveries in the field of technology brought world fame to Russian scientists. These are inventions P. N. Yablochkova (1847-1894) - arc lamp and electric lighting system developed by him; A. N. Lodygina (1847-1923) - electric incandescent lamp; A. F. Mozhaisky (1825-1890) - the world's first patented aircraft (1881). The discovery of world significance was the invention of the radiotelegraph. A. S. Popov (1859-1905).
In the field of historical science actively worked S. M. Solovyov (1820-1879) and his student V. O. Klyuchevsky (1841-1911).
Author: Konstantinova S.V.
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