History of world and domestic culture. General trends of Russian culture of the 17th century. Literature, education, science, painting of the 17th century (the most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. General trends of Russian culture of the 17th century. Literature, education, science, painting of the 17th century (the most important)

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32. General trends in Russian culture of the XNUMXth century. Literature, education, science, painting of the XNUMXth century

XNUMXth century in the history of Russian culture, as well as in the history of Russia in general, - the beginning of a new period. At this time, the secularization of culture takes place, a turning point in the consciousness of man and society. The Russian people in the turbulent years of the Time of Troubles, popular uprisings and wars, advances to Siberia and the Far East realized himself as a person.

The heyday of Russian social thought in the first quarter of the XNUMXth century. associated with the appearance of a number of narratives of spiritual and secular authors about the events of the Time of Troubles. The most prominent representative in the official literature of the XVII century. was a monk Simeon of Polotsk. The folk accusatory trend is "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum", written by himself.

Signs of secularization are also found in education - by the end of the century, every second or third city dweller could read and write. At the same time, literacy training ceased to be a church privilege. In 1634, V. Burtsev's primer was published and repeatedly republished over the course of a century. The question arose about the establishment of schools. In 1680, a school was founded at the Printing House, the main discipline in which was the Greek language; in 1687 - the Slavic-Greek-Latin School, and then the Academy, where both secular and spiritual disciplines were taught.

The range of reading has expanded significantly. From the XNUMXth century a lot of books, printed and especially handwritten, have been preserved.

Scientific knowledge also developed. Russians were famous as masters of metal processing, foundry business. Bells were cast well in Russia, their "crimson ringing" was famous throughout the country.

The Russian masters of construction equipment, the construction of wooden and stone buildings, were equally successful and reliable.

When constructing water mills and, which is especially significant and important, iron-working and other manufactories used water engines. Expanded geographical knowledge, ideas about Russia, its territory and the peoples living on it, the vast expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

Throughout the XNUMXth century Russian national style develops new features and forms. The Stroganov school was further developed with its fine writing, the finest drawing of details.

In creativity Simon Fedorovich Ushakov (1626-1686), master of the Tsar's Armory, the greatest Russian artist, and other masters, a desire for realism is outlined. I. Vladimirov wrote a kind of theoretical treatise justifying realism in painting: closeness to nature, the need for art to strive for beauty and light, not to suppress, but to delight a person.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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