Table of contents (expand)
- General characteristics of the period. The emergence of art. Mythology
- Fine arts and the emergence of writing in the primitive era. Development of thinking, accumulation of knowledge
- Features of Chinese culture
- Theatre, music, dance, cinema, painting, architecture and arts and crafts in Chinese culture
- Features of Indian culture. Literature. The science. Religion. Music. Dance. Theater. Movie
- Periodization and general characteristics of the culture of ancient Egypt. Religion. Education and science. Literature
- Music, painting, architecture and sculpture of ancient Egypt
- Features of ancient culture. Religion. Theatre. Music
- Enlightenment, science and literature of ancient culture
- Painting, architecture, sculpture and vase painting of ancient culture
- Features of Japanese culture. Literature. Religion
- Theater, painting, architecture, sculpture and arts and crafts of Japanese culture
- Features of the culture of the Arab countries. Religion. Islam. Life and customs of Muslims. Sharia
- Science, literature, fine arts, calligraphy and architecture of the Arab countries
- General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theater
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages
- Features of the culture of the Renaissance. Science, literature and social thought
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Renaissance. Major painters of the Northern Renaissance
- Features of the culture of modern times. Science and technology. Spiritual life of man
- Literature, Social thought, music, fashion, painting, architecture and sculpture of the modern era
- General characteristics of the culture of the twentieth century. Education and science. Museums. Movie
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the XNUMXth century
- Culture of Ancient Russia. The culture of the pagan period. Life of Russia
- Achievements of the Christian culture of Russia
- The genre of the chronicle in the culture of Ancient Russia. Construction of churches. church art
- General features of the culture of the era of fragmentation. Culture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus
- Culture of Veliky Novgorod and the Moscow principality in the era of fragmentation
- Creation of a special style of temple construction and painting of the XIV-XV centuries. era of fragmentation
- General characteristics of the culture of Russia in the XVI century. Life and social thought
- Science and literacy in Russia in the XNUMXth century. The emergence of printing in Russia
- Painting and architecture in Russia in the XNUMXth century
- General trends in Russian culture of the XNUMXth century. Literature, education, science, painting of the XNUMXth century
- Russian architecture of the XNUMXth century. Rise of civil architecture
- General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science
- Literature and theatre. Life of the Russian people
- Painting and architecture 1700-1725
- General characteristics of the culture of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign. Education and science
- Literature and social thought, theater and painting of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign
- Architecture and sculpture of the era of "palace revolutions" and Catherine's reign
- General characteristics of the Golden Age of Russian culture (first half). Development of education, literature and science
- Theater and painting of the Golden Age of Russian culture (first half)
- Architecture and Sculpture of the Golden Age of Russian Culture (first half)
- General characteristics of the culture of the Golden Age (second half). Education and science
- Literature and social thought, museums, theater, music of the Golden Age of Russian culture (second half)
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Golden Age of Russian culture (second half)
- General characteristics of the culture of the Silver Age. Education and science. Literature. Theater. Cinema
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the Silver Age
- General characteristics of the culture of the 20-30s. XNUMXth century Education and science. Sport. Literature. Public life. Cinema. Theater
- Painting, architecture and sculpture of the 20-30s. XNUMXth century
- General characteristics of the era of the Great Patriotic War. Education and science
- Literature, music, theater, painting and architecture of the era of the Great Patriotic War
- Features of Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s Education and science
- Standard of living. Literature, social thought of the Soviet era 1950-1980s
- Painting, architecture and sculpture in Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s
- General characteristics of the Culture of Russia 1991-2003. Education and science
- Literature, cinema, theater, media, painting, architecture and sculpture in Russia 1991-2003
14. Science, literature, fine arts, calligraphy and architecture of the Arab countries
Ever since the XNUMXth century. how applied sciences to religious disciplines develop:
1) grammar;
2) mathematics;
3) astronomy.
The contribution of the Arabs to mathematical science was significant. Abu-l-Wafa deduced the sine theorem of trigonometry, calculated the table of sines, introduced the concept of secant and cosecant. Arab medieval medicine was glorified by Ibn Sina - Avicenna (980-1037), author of the encyclopedia of theoretical and clinical medicine. Abu Bakr, a famous Baghdad surgeon, gave a classic description of smallpox and measles and used vaccinations. Arab philosophy largely developed on the basis of the ancient heritage.
Enduring world fame brought Omar Khayyam (1048-1122), Persian poet, scientist, his poems:
1) philosophical;
2) hedonic;
3) free-thinking rubai.
In order to destroy the memory of tribal idols, sculpture was forbidden in Islam, images of living beings were not approved. As a result, painting also did not receive significant development in Arab culture, being limited to ornaments. From the XNUMXth century began to develop the art of miniatures, including books.
The artist did not seek to reproduce earthly reality. The true world had to be comprehended speculatively, through the reading of the Koran, the recitation of prayers, the inscription and contemplation of the sacred inscriptions from the Koran, the hadiths, the names of Allah and Muhammad.
In the Muslim medieval culture of the East and West, the degree of mastery of the "beauty of writing", or calligraphy, became an indicator of the intellectuality and education of a person. Various handwritings were developed.
It should be noted that medieval Arabic architecture developed on the basis of the processing of Greek, Roman and Iranian traditions by the Arabs. From the XNUMXth century buildings begin to be decorated with floral and geometric ornaments, which included stylized inscriptions - Arabic script. Such an ornament - the Europeans called it an arabesque - was built on the principle of endless development and rhythmic repetition of the pattern.
The main place in the construction of cities was occupied by religious buildings - mosques. They were a square courtyard surrounded by galleries on pillars or columns. The Arab world also gave birth to such a unique phenomenon as Moorish art.
Moorish art is a conventional name for an artistic style (a mixture of Arabic and Gothic styles) that developed in North Africa and Andalusia (Southern Spain) in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. Distinctive features are fragile, frost-like carved stone patterns and inscriptions on the walls, thin twisted columns, wrought iron window bars and multi-colored stained-glass windows.
Author: Konstantinova S.V.
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