54. Painting, architecture and sculpture in Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s

In 1947, the Academy of Arts of the USSR was established, and already in the 1950s. in the field of fine arts, a rigid educational and production system was established. The future artist had to go through a number of mandatory stages:

1) art school;

2) school or institute.

The state was the main customer and buyer of his works. The main style was the so-called socialist realism (socialist realism), or Sots Art. In Soviet painting of the late 1950s - early 60s. the "severe style" was established. The source of inspiration for the masters of the "severe style" was the life of ordinary people, which they conveyed in a sublimely poetic spirit. The images in the paintings "Our everyday life" (1960) by P. F. Nikonov and "Rafters" (1961) by N. Andronov are generalized and laconic.

N. S. Khrushchev criticized abstract and formalist artists at exhibitions. In particular, the sculptor E. Neizvestny, having no idea either about his works or about the author himself.

In the circles of the creative intelligentsia - writers, artists, filmmakers (later they were called "sixties") - opposition to official art was formed.

Already at the end of the 1950s. There was a group of artists passionate about European and American surrealism. They fully declared themselves in the second half of the 60s and in the 70s.

Soviet artists who worked outside the framework of official art gained fame in the West, as their works were acquired mainly by foreigners. Western critics called these masters "nonconformists".

In the 1970-80s. among the "non-conformists" forms of avant-garde art, such as actions, performances, became more and more popular. Here the artist did not represent any work, but himself as the bearer of the idea.

In the 1980-90s. Russian art developed in parallel with Western art. Private galleries (M. Gelman, A. Salakhova, and others) sprang up to support "non-traditional" forms of art.

Similar processes took place in architecture. So, in the 1950s. the party leadership condemned "decoration" and "excessive luxury." A course was taken for the mass construction of residential buildings. Asceticism and simplicity became standards. The dominating position among architectural forms was occupied by a parallelepiped, among building materials - concrete (the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, the Taganka Theater).

And in the 1970s and 80s. a variety of shapes, styles, materials became popular. Titanium and glass structures appear, the historical style is especially fond of architects.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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