History of world and domestic culture. General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science (most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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34. General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science

At the turn of the XVII and XVIII centuries. In Russia, the Middle Ages ended and the New Age began. In Russia, this historical transition occurred rapidly - within the life of one generation.

Russian art of the XVIII century. in just a few decades, it was destined to secularize (turn from religious to secular), master new genres (for example, portrait, still life and landscape) and discover completely new themes (in particular, mythological and historical). Because of this, different styles of art existed in Russia in the XNUMXth century. simultaneously. Reforms carried out Peter I (1698-1725), affected not only politics, economics, but also art. The goals of the young king were:

1) put Russian art on a par with European art;

2) to educate the domestic public;

3) surround your yard with architects, sculptors and painters.

Despite the fact that at that time there were almost no major Russian masters, after only a hundred years, Russia presented a whole galaxy of talents.

The creation of a regular army and navy, the formation of an absolutist bureaucracy, and other reforms in the country required a radical restructuring of the entire education system and the training of a large number of qualified specialists. Peter I forced the Russian nobility to study. Already in 1699, the Pushkar School was founded in Moscow, and in 1701, a "school of mathematical and navigational sciences" was opened in the building of the Sukharev Tower. In the time of Peter the Great, the Medical School was opened (1707).

Secular education required new textbooks. In 1703, “Arithmetic, that is, the science of numbers...” by L. F. Magnitsky was published, which introduced Arabic numerals instead of alphabetic ones.

Simultaneously with the reform in the field of education in the first quarter of the XVIII century. The publishing industry flourished. In 1708, Peter I introduced a new civil script instead of the old Church Slavonic.

Russian sailors-hydrographers have done a lot to map the Azov, Caspian, Baltic and White Seas. The search for iron and copper ores in the Urals and Siberia was actively conducted with the assistance of local peasants. The activities of Russian inventors were noted with great success. E. Nikonov presented a project for the creation of "hidden ships" (submarines). A famous mechanic of the time of Peter the Great was A. K. Nartov, the inventor of lathes and screw-cutting machines, the creator of an optical sight.

The pinnacle of achievements of the Petrine era in the field of science and education was the creation of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (it was opened after the death of Peter I in 1726).

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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