History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the culture of the era of “palace coups” and Catherine’s reign. Education and science (most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. General characteristics of the culture of the era of “palace coups” and Catherine’s reign. Education and science (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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37. General characteristics of the culture of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign. Education and science

XNUMXth century occupies an important place in the history of Russian culture. The secular direction becomes decisive in its development. A system of general and special education was created, a university was opened, periodicals and journalism appeared. A new, western-oriented poetry, drama and prose is emerging. In painting, the portrait comes to the fore. Outstanding examples of civil architecture appear in architecture.

Since the time of Peter I, education in Russia has acquired an increasingly clear secular character. At the same time, the traditional form of "literacy education" was massive and ubiquitous. The number of soldiers' garrison schools has increased. The main attention was paid to the education of nobles in closed educational institutions. In 1731, the Shlyakhetsky Cadet Corps was created, and in 1752, the Naval Shlyakhetsky Corps. In addition, noble children were taught in private boarding schools, as well as at home. In the XVIII century. it is becoming fashionable to invite foreign teachers, especially French ones.

In total, at the end of the XVIII century. in Russia there were about 550 different educational institutions, in which about 60 thousand people studied.

One of the main events of the middle of the XVIII century. was the opening of the first higher civil educational institution - Moscow University. I. I. Shuvalov was its curator. However, the ideological builder of Moscow University was M. V. Lomonosov.

It reached a significant level of development in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. Russian science.

M. V. Lomonosov (1711 - 1768) was an outstanding scientist of the XNUMXth century, whose interests covered various fields of science.

In the XNUMXth century, the interest of Russian society in its historical past grew, and historiographic works appeared. The first Russian historian V. N. Tatishchev (1686-1750) writes "Russian History from the Most Ancient Times". Following Tatishchev, historical works appear:

1) M. V. Lomonosov;

2) M. M. Shcherbatova;

3) I. N. Boltina and others.

A number of very interesting achievements characterize the development of technical thought in Russia. One of the most famous inventors of that time was I. P. Kulibin (1735-1810).

Physical-geographic research and natural science have been widely developed. In 1724, by order of Peter I, the First Kamchatka Expedition was equipped, headed by V. Bering and A. I. Chirikov. The results of this expedition are grandiose: the riches of the Urals, Siberia and Altai are described, materials on geography, zoology, botany, ethnography, etc. are collected.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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