History of world and domestic culture. Science and literacy in Russia in the 16th century. The emergence of book printing in Russia (the most important)

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History of world and domestic culture. Science and literacy in Russia in the 16th century. The emergence of book printing in Russia (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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30. Science and literacy in Russia in the XNUMXth century. The emergence of printing in Russia

During this period, literacy develops in Russia. Knowledge of writing and counting was required in many branches of activity. Birch bark letters from Novgorod and other centers, various written records (chronicles, stories, etc.), inscriptions on handicrafts indicate that literate people were never translated into Russia.

There are guides for:

1) grammar;

2) arithmetic;

3) treatment with herbs (alphabets, herbalists, etc.). Accumulated:

1) practical observations;

2) knowledge of construction equipment (were necessary in the construction of buildings);

3) knowledge of dynamics (calculations of the flight range of stones, nuclei).

The circle of geographical knowledge was expanded by Russian travelers. They left descriptions of their travels. Such are the merchants V. Poznyakov, T. Korobeinikov (holy places, XNUMXnd half of the XNUMXth century). Russian people, penetrating to the north, to Siberia, made descriptions, "drawings" of new lands; ambassadors - article lists with information about foreign states.

An overview of world history was given by "Chronographs" of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, which glorified the activities of princes, church hierarchs, canonized as saints, as well as "Life" (Dmitry Donskoy, Sergius of Radonezh, Stefan of Perm, etc.).

Translated literary works were in circulation; from them, as well as various collections, educated Russian people drew thoughts, sayings of Democritus, Aristotle and other philosophers and writers.

The appearance of book printing in Russia was of great importance. The printing of books began only in the middle of the 1550th century, under Ivan the Terrible. At first, it was the so-called "no-exit press" (from the 50s), then - with imprint data (that is, an indication of the place, year of publication, etc.). In the early 1563s. The first printing house begins its activity in Moscow. In XNUMX, Ivan Fedorov began to work in Moscow. He was not only a publisher, but also an editor of books. His first editions in Moscow were books of Holy Scripture. Under unclear circumstances, Ivan Fedorov was forced to move to Lvov.

In the XVI century. life basically retained its former features. New phenomena also appeared: spices in rich houses (cinnamon, cloves, etc.), lemons, raisins, almonds; sausage eaten with buckwheat porridge. The fashion for skullcaps (tafias) spread; this was condemned by the Stoglavy Cathedral. More stone houses were built, although most of them remained wooden. Russians were fond of playing checkers and chess. Interest in narrative, fiction literature, characteristic of the second half of the XNUMXth century, has declined significantly.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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