Table of contents (expand)
- The concept of foreign economic relations and their difference from foreign economic activity
- Foreign economic activity (FEA): concept, essence, meaning
- Composition of foreign economic functions of export-oriented enterprises
- Technological process of creation and sale of export products
- Types of foreign economic activity as a way to implement the export strategy of the enterprise and the form of its work in the foreign market
- Special regimes for the implementation of certain areas of foreign trade activity
- The role of investment cooperation in the development and production of export products
- Currency and financial and credit operations as a type of foreign economic activity
- Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance
- Composition of participants in foreign economic activity in Russia
- Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles
- The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries
- Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation
- Contributing organizations, composition of participants, activity profile, role in the foreign economic sphere of Russia
- Types of trading and intermediary firms
- Organizational principles of building a foreign trade company
- The main functional divisions of a foreign trade company
- Powers of employees of a foreign trade company
- Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
- The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s
- Export of certain types of goods
- Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity
- The need for state regulation of the national economy, its essence and prerequisites
- State regulation methods used in international practice
- Regulation of foreign trade at the national and intergovernmental level
- Foreign trade policy of Russia
- Formation of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for Russia's foreign trade
- The mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia
- Anti-dumping measures as an instrument of non-tariff restrictions
- Non-tariff restrictions of foreign trade operations
- Customs-tariff regulation of foreign trade operations
- Measures to assist exporters
- System of currency regulation of foreign trade activity
- Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
- Customs regulation as a method of state-economic impact on the sphere of foreign economic activity: essence, constituent elements
- Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties
- Calculation and procedure for payment of import duties, conditions for granting a deferred payment
- Methods for determining the customs value and the sequence of their application
- Customs regimes in the Russian Federation, their economic content and role in the system of customs and tariff regulation
- Types of taxes in the field of foreign economic activity, their discriminatory nature
- Value added tax and excises on imported goods: payers, amount, differentiation of rates, calculation procedure, payment terms
- Features of collection and refund of value added tax and excises under different customs regimes
- Special procedure for levying excises on certain imported goods, their intended purpose
- Principles of currency regulation
- The procedure for exercising state control over the import and export of precious metals from the Russian Federation
- The principle of regulating settlements with the state budget by exporters
- The system of currency control over export-import operations, its purpose and procedure for ensuring
- Currency control over import and barter transactions
- Institute of Currency Control Agents
- The system of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in Russia, its difference from foreign practice
- Licensing and export quotas and their scope
- Export quotas in Russia. Administrative and commercial principles for the distribution of export quotas
- Special export procedure for certain groups of goods and the process of its organization
- Certification of goods in the import control system
- Customs formalities for the export (import) of cargo, their sequence and confirmation with the necessary documents
- The procedure for applying the provisions of the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the issuance of an international road carrier book, etc.
- Customs escort of cargo, its organization and conditions of application within the framework of customs formalities
- Customs clearance
- The simplified procedure of customs clearance
- Movement across the customs border of currency and securities
- General rules for the movement of goods of individuals through customs
- The value of international private law in the regulation of foreign economic activity
- Sources of law in the field of foreign economic activity
- Substantive law and conflict of law rules
- State regulation of foreign investment
- Mechanism of international settlements
- Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
- Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
- Positions of the currency terms of the contract
- Forms of foreign trade settlements
- Letter of credit in the practice of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Types of World Commodity Markets
- Value added tax on the export of certain works and services, the procedure for calculating and paying
- Arms Import Licensing
- The contingent of quota and licensed goods in Russia
- Export control in Russia, main purpose and scope
- Special control of export and import of nuclear materials, technologies and equipment in Russia
- Unified system of expert assessment of the quantity, quality and price of products exported from Russia
- Payment return methods for a commercial loan
- Criteria for choosing forms of foreign trade settlements
- The role of banks in the settlement system in foreign economic activity
- Federal bodies, their powers and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of customs regulation
- The Federal Customs Service, its place and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity
- Levels and procedure for interaction between state federal and regional bodies in the structure of Russia's foreign economic complex
- Powers and functions of state institutions for currency regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity
- The concept and essence of marketing in foreign economic activity
- Strategies for foreign economic activity
- The concept and content of operational marketing in foreign economic activity
- Export and commodity policy of the enterprise
- Types of offset transactions
72. Types of world commodity markets
The main criterion for classifying the main types of world commodity markets is the nature and degree of freedom of competition. Based on this criterion, the following types of markets are distinguished:
▪ a market of completely (free) competition;
▪ “pure” monopoly market;
▪ market of monopolistic competition;
▪ oligopoly market (competitive market of few suppliers).
characteristic features market of perfect (free) competition are: a significant number of competing sellers and buyers; the relative homogeneity of products supplied to a given market. In the process of competition between the subjects of this market, a kind of "shocking" of prices takes place, as a result of which they are set at a certain level. Exporters in such a situation go for a discount in price, while benefiting from an increase in total sales.
Specificity pure monopoly market consists in the fact that one supplier of this product dominates here, which is a monopolist. He dictates prices in the market and changes them, combining these operations with corresponding changes in the volume of sales of goods. At the same time, in practice, the seller-monopolist is forced to proceed not from the maximum, but from a certain optimal price, which is formed taking into account a wide range of pricing factors.
Monopolistic competition market involves the coexistence of several monopoly firms. At the same time, each of these firms produces products somewhat different from the products of competing firms. Thus, a situation arises when buyers will not necessarily start buying goods from other firms in the event of a slight increase in prices for them from this monopoly firm. Differentiation of goods in this situation makes the firm a monopoly on a special variety of the same type of product.
The monopolistic competition model assumes that a firm accepts competitors' prices as given, thereby ignoring the impact of its own pricing decisions on the pricing policies of other producers.
The model of monopolistic competition implies that although each firm actually competes with others, it can, to a certain extent, behave like a monopolist.
In real economic practice, such markets are influenced by the processes of diversification of the activities of firms that seek to expand the range of goods they produce and sell and penetrate new markets. Competition is also growing from firms producing so-called substitute goods (goods that can replace others, such as plastics and metals, wool and chemical fibers).
On the oligopolistic In the market, there is competition from a few supplier firms that essentially divide large segments of the market. As a rule, at the same time, firms enter into appropriate agreements with each other. In some cases, such agreements are concluded with the government authorities of those countries in whose markets the firms operate. The form associated with oligopolistic markets is a cartel - an agreement that establishes obligations for all participating firms in terms of production and sales volumes, the share (quota) of each of the participants in the total volume of production and sales of products, prices, conditions for hiring labor, exchange patents. Cartels form cartel prices, which allow the parties to the agreement, while maintaining high profitability, to maintain and strengthen their presence in these markets. The international cartel is OPEC - the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which periodically makes decisions to reduce or increase volumes (quotas) of oil production.
Author: Bobkova O.V.
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